The ΣTOIXEION in Aristotle’s Rhetoric

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the meaning of the στoιχϵῖoν in Aristotle’s Rhetoric. First, we review several texts of the Rhetoric in which this word is used, and examine the interpretations of Grimaldi and Horio. In this paper, I reject Grimaldi’s interpretation and follow Horio’s interpretation which shows the στoιχϵῖoν in the Rhetoric to have two meanings. Next, we examine the examples of stoiqeῖon in the Topics and clarify the meaning of this word. In the Topics, the στoιχϵῖoν means the rule or principle to be common to many topos. Finally, we clarify the meaning of the στoιχϵῖoν in the Rhetoric from the meaning of the στoιχϵῖoν in the Topics. This paper concludes that the meaning of the στoιχϵῖoν of the first volume and the second volume in the Rhetoric is different. the στoιχϵῖoν in the first volume of Rhetoric means the basic definition of “species.” In the second volume, on the other hand, Aristotle calls the rules or principles which are common to many arguments as koinoi topoi. Several instances of these rules or principles (koinoi topoi) are the same as some topoi in the Topics.広島大学比較論理学プロジェクト研究センター研究成果報告書（2019年度

Examples of “physis” in Aristotle’s Organon

In this article, I aim to collect examples of φύσις in Aristotle’s Organon and classify it, and examine what the meaning of this word has. Aristotle mainly uses the expression “by nature” (φύσει) or “naturally” (κατὰ φύσιν) in the Organon. Researching these expressions in many examples, the following have made clear. 1. “Per se” and “by nature” (or “naturally”) are used interchangeably. 2. Aristotle often uses “physis” which means “essential feature”. 3. Some example of “physis” in the Organon corresponds to the explanation in his Physics and Metaphysics. 4. In the Organon, “prior” and “simultaneous” are used from a view of cognition. In Physics, “physis” means “form” in a sense, so we can interpret it as follows. That is, “physis” shows the essence, and the features derived from “physis” also are essential. Therefore, we might conclude that “by nature” and “per se” can be used interchangeably because he uses the expression “per se” when a proposition shows that an essential feature or nature (essence) belongs to a subject.広島大学比較論理学プロジェクト研究センター研究成果報告書（2017年度）本稿は，文部科学省科学研究費補助金「アリストテレス倫理学の再定位を通した新たな自然主義的倫理学の構想」17H02257 の助成の成果の一部である

The Common or Different Features of topos in Aristotle’s Topics and Rhetoric Shogo Takahashi

The purpose of this paper is to examine the common or different features of topos in Aristotle’s Topics and Rhetoric, and I attempt to investigate whether topos in Rhetoric is more generally applicable to reasoning than topos in Topics. topos is the logical rule or schema required to make reasoning, either in Topics or Rhetoric. In Topics, Aristotle classifies topos in relation to four predicables (i. e. definition, property, genus, accident). On the other hand, in Rhetoric, Aristotle divides the elements of rhetorical reasoning into ‘common’ and ‘proper’, and he calls topos ‘common’. Further, in Rhetoric II23, the ‘common’ topoi are listed and explained. Indeed, in Topics, it is possible to think about another classification than the classification related to the four predicables. Aristotle calls some kinds of topos ‘the most opportune topos’. For example, topos of ‘contraries’, topos of ‘inflection’ of words, as well as topos of ‘more and less’ are emphasized. The classification related to ‘the most opportune topos’ is larger and more general classification than that related to the four predicables. ‘The most opportune topos’ overlaps with part of topos in Rhetoric. Therefore, Aristotle regards ‘common’ topos in Rhetoric as ‘the most opportune topos’ in Topics. But, as far as we examine both writings in more detail, it does not seem to be able to associate the common topos with ‘the most opportune topos’. Because there appears to be differences between the two. the topos of ‘contraries’ in Topics is treated as a subclass of the topos of ‘opposites’, but it seems to be treated independently and is one of the common topoi in Rhetoric. Rubinelli seems to think that the topoi of ‘privation and possession’ and ‘relation’ which are included in the topos of ‘opposites’ in Topics are treated as topos of ‘correlated’ in Rhetoric. But in Rhetoric, Aristotle does not consider the remaining topos of ‘opposites’ to be the topos of ‘correlated’, except for the topos of ‘contraries’. Because the topos of ‘correlated’ has the different logical schema than the topoi of ‘privation and possession’ and ‘relation’.Therefore, we cannot insist that the classification of topos in Rhetoric is more general in terms of application of topos than the classification of topos related to the four predicables in Topics.広島大学比較論理学プロジェクト研究センター研究成果報告書（2016年度） 本稿は，文部科学省科学研究費補助金（研究活動スタート支援）「アリストテレスの問答法の理論とその発展的解釈の研究」(研究課題番号：15H06815) の研究成果の一部である

On the Dependence of Aristotle’s Ethics on the Natural Sciences

This paper is a survey on the dependence of Aristotle’s ethics on the natural sciences. Naturalism in Aristotle’s ethics has two issues, which are found in modern meta-ethics. The first one is whether ethical concepts and things have objectivity or not. The second is whether ethics is depend on natural science or not. Several scholars have presented some interpretations of these two issues. With respect to the first issue, neo-Aristotelian Naturalists interpret that it is possible to explain ‘happiness’ and ‘goodness’ from human nature, and that human nature gives objectivity to these concepts. With respect to the second issue, they think that Aristotle’s ethics is an autonomous discipline, that is, his ethics is independent of his natural science. On the other hand, the opponents to neo-Aristotelian Naturalism do not necessarily disagree with neo-Aristotelian Naturalism in terms of the first issue. However, they oppose the idea that Aristotle’s ethics is independent of his natural science. Shields states that the function argument in Nicomachean Ethics I 7 implicitly assumes the specialized psychological knowledge in De anima. Leunissen states that Aristotle does not require that students of ethics (or political science) are familiar with the rudimentary knowledge of natural science, but rather that they are educated for the specialized knowledge on his natural (biological) science. It is the ambiguity of Aristotle’s own explanation that neo-Aristotelian Naturalists and their opponents disagree with regards to the second issue. Aristotle clearly distinguishes between practical and theoretical knowledge. On the other hand, he also seems to say that in order to understand ethics we need to possess knowledge of natural science, which does not need to be strict enough to know the principles of natural science. It is ambiguous whether the knowledge which Aristotle expects us to acquire is a rudimentary or a specialized one. Therefore, opinions of scholars also disagree as to whether his ethics depends on his natural science. The author speculates that Aristotle’s ethics depends partly on natural science. Because, in Rhetoric, Aristotle seems to think that the rhetorical reasoning which is related to political science uses a premise of natural science.広島大学比較論理学プロジェクト研究センター研究成果報告書（2018年度）本稿は，文部科学省科学研究費補助金「アリストテレス倫理学の再定位を通した新たな自然主義的倫理学の構想」17H02257の助成の成果の一部である

Development of Aristotle’s Dialectic

In his Topics Aristotle sets up the theory of dialectic, which he seems not to use in his other works. This must be accounted for. Irwin assumes that there is a distinction in dialectic: pure and strong. But in my opinion Aristotle’s theory of dialectic has undergone development from an inchoate one into a revised one: the former is found in Topics while the latter in Rhetoric. The theory of dialectic in Topics is not full-blown. To explain. Aristotle there asserts that there are four predicables: definition, property, genus, accident and that a set of the predicables, which are mutually exclusive, is exhaustive. However, per se accident does not fall under any of these. Traditionally per se accident has been interpreted to be a sort of property. As Burnes pointed out, however, per se accident does not have to fit the definition of a property. This implies that in Topics the four predicables are not well defined. Alexander points out that there is an inseparable accident, which is an attribute that belongs to something but is not separate from it. It is noteworthy that the inseparable accident, fitting the first definition of accident given in Topics, does not fit its second definition given there. Aristotle holds that the first definition is equivalent to the second. If this is the case, it will follow that the concept of an inseparable accident contradicts his own idea. Many scholars do not take this fact into account. But, in my opinion, this fact shows that Aristotle has abandoned the theory of dialectic in Topics and introduces a pair of per se and accident in Posterior Analytics instead. In addition, the dialectic Aristotle discusses in Rhetoric is a revised dialectic. For the explanation of topos has greatly changed. Aristotle distinguishes ‘common’ topos from ‘peculiar’ topos. According to him, the common topos applies for different objects, while the peculiar topos applies for a specific object. This peculiar topos is mentioned in Rhetoric I. 7. Peculiar topos in Rhetoric I. 7 is common to topos in Topics III. On the other hand, the common topos in Rhetoric II 27 is common to the ‘most opportune topos,’ which is referred to in Topics III and VII. The distinction of ‘common’ and ‘peculiar’ is also used in the theory of demonstration. We may say that the theory of demonstration has an influence on the revised dialectic.広島大学比較論理学プロジェクト研究センター研究成果報告書（2015年度）本発表は，平成27年度文部科学省科学研究費補助金（研究活動スタート支援）「アリストテレスの問答法の理論とその発展的解釈の研究」(研究課題番号：15H06815) の研究成果の一部である

Mechanism of pH variation and H2O2 generation in water exposed to pulsed discharge plasma

Positive and negative pulsed discharge plasma is generated above test liquid containing NaCl in Ar atmosphere, and the spatiotemporal variation of pH value in the liquid is visualized by a colorimetric method using bromothymol blue. Furthermore, polarity effects on H 2 O 2 generation are examined by electrochemical calculation and a colorimetric method using titanium sulfate. When the positive pulsed discharge plasma is generated, the pH value of the liquid is decreased by H + generation through the dissociation of H 2 O + , formed by the charge exchange reaction between Ar + and H 2 O, while the pH value of the vicinity of an earthed electrode is increased by OH - generation through the electrolysis of water. When the negative pulsed discharge plasma is generated, the pH value of the liquid is increased by OH - generation and H + reduction, respectively, through the reaction of hydrated electrons with H 2 O and H + , while the pH value in the vicinity of the earthed electrode is decreased by H + generation through the electrolysis of water. The generation of H 2 O 2 is found to be promoted when the positive pulsed discharge plasma is generated, and this increase rate of H 2 O 2 is in approximate agreement with the calculated generation rate of H 2 O 2 , which is produced from OH generated by electrolysis

NIMA-related kinases regulate directional cell growth and organ development through microtubule function in Arabidopsis thaliana.

NIMA-related kinase 6 (NEK6) regulates cellular expansion and morphogenesis through microtubule organizaiton in Arabidopsis thaliana. Loss-of-function mutations in NEK6 (nek6/ibo1) cause ectopic outgrowth and microtubule disorganization in epidermal cells. We recently found that NEK6 forms homodimers and heterodimers with NEK4 and NEK5 to destabilize cortical microtubules possibly by direct binding to microtubules and the β-tubulin phosphorylation. Here, we identified a new allele of NEK6 and further analyzed the morphological phenotypes of nek6/ibo1 mutants, along with alleles of nek4 and nek5 mutants. Phenotypic analysis demonstrated that NEK6 is required for the directional growth of roots and hypocotyls, petiole elongation, cell file formation, and trichome morphogenesis. In addition, nek4, nek5, and nek6/ibo1 mutants were hypersensitive to microtubule inhibitors such as propyzamide and taxol. These results suggest that plant NEKs function in directional cell growth and organ development through the regulation of microtubule organization

Entrusting the Future of Rural Society through Nurturing Civic Pride: Endeavors in Gojome Town, Akita Prefecture of Japan

This photo essay illustrates a study on endeavors in a rural Japanese town with a declining population and discusses the future of rural society from a perspective of civic pride as well as sustainability. The population of the town of Gojome, located in Akita Prefecture of northern Japan, has halved from 20,025 in 1960 to 9,481 in 2015. Depopulation is often perceived as a half-empty glass, but we approached our study with the view that it is half-full. We discuss the issue through appreciative approaches by adopting the concept of “civic pride” as an alternative lens based on our empirical survey. The methodology adopted for this field survey include individual interviews with 126 respondents (consisting of 79 residents of Gojome and 47 individuals who were visiting the town) across different generations, 15 key informant interviews, drawings of their pride about the town by 34 sixth-graders of Gojome Elementary School, and observations. It was found that various generations of proud Gojome locals and non-locals have started to proactively participate in the process of bettering the town through various social, cultural, economic, and environmental activities. Based on our learning in Gojome town we conclude that, in the wake of rural depopulation, nurturing “civic pride” could potentially contribute to rural sustainability through entrusting the future of rural society to next generations