IMPACT OF USER IT AND INTERNET SKILLS ON ONLINE BANKING,INPUT TO INNOVATIVE BANKING STRATEGIES

-Abstract- Online-banking is now widely being introduced by banks. This Strategic move is supported by aim to reduce branch/resources costs and offer more convenience to the consumers. Alongside users are becoming more frequent in IT /internet dayby- day. This provides good match to the success of Online-banking. Employee\u2019s skills and user\u2019s skills were also considered by scholars to see the effect on adoption of online banking. Author has found that these user skills were not standardized. Author tried to fill this gap by using Eurostat classification of skills in terms of user\u2019s Computer and internet skills [Appendix. 1]. The objective of this study is threefold, thus understanding the user perception about fear of online theft/misuse, Complexity and effect on individual\u2019s efficiency by using online banking. A questionnaire has been sent to users and results thus verified 02 of 03 hypothesis. Despite higher level of skills and experience, users have concerns with the security and complexity of the method. The results are analyzed in a simple graphical fashion in order to provide quick understanding to the reader. Concluding, despite certain limitations, this study gives value to the literature and opens new research horizons for online banking strategies. It provides a common criterion for understanding user skills and their perceptions about the application/usability of online banking using EU classification. Consequently counter actions can be taken by the banks to satisfy users concerns and improve the structure of online banking

A Fully Automated and Explainable Algorithm for the Prediction of Malignant Transformation in Oral Epithelial Dysplasia

Oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) is a premalignant histopathological diagnosis given to lesions of the oral cavity. Its grading suffers from significant inter-/intra- observer variability, and does not reliably predict malignancy progression, potentially leading to suboptimal treatment decisions. To address this, we developed a novel artificial intelligence algorithm that can assign an Oral Malignant Transformation (OMT) risk score, based on histological patterns in the in Haematoxylin and Eosin stained whole slide images, to quantify the risk of OED progression. The algorithm is based on the detection and segmentation of nuclei within (and around) the epithelium using an in-house segmentation model. We then employed a shallow neural network fed with interpretable morphological/spatial features, emulating histological markers. We conducted internal cross-validation on our development cohort (Sheffield; n = 193 cases) followed by independent validation on two external cohorts (Birmingham and Belfast; n = 92 cases). The proposed OMTscore yields an AUROC = 0.74 in predicting whether an OED progresses to malignancy or not. Survival analyses showed the prognostic value of our OMTscore for predicting malignancy transformation, when compared to the manually-assigned WHO and binary grades. Analysis of the correctly predicted cases elucidated the presence of peri-epithelial and epithelium-infiltrating lymphocytes in the most predictive patches of cases that transformed (p < 0.0001). This is the first study to propose a completely automated algorithm for predicting OED transformation based on interpretable nuclear features, whilst being validated on external datasets. The algorithm shows better-than-human-level performance for prediction of OED malignant transformation and offers a promising solution to the challenges of grading OED in routine clinical practice

Transformer-based Model for Oral Epithelial Dysplasia Segmentation

Oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) is a premalignant histopathological diagnosis given to lesions of the oral cavity. OED grading is subject to large inter/intra-rater variability, resulting in the under/over-treatment of patients. We developed a new Transformer-based pipeline to improve detection and segmentation of OED in haematoxylin and eosin (H&amp;E) stained whole slide images (WSIs). Our model was trained on OED cases (n = 260) and controls (n = 105) collected using three different scanners, and validated on test data from three external centres in the United Kingdom and Brazil (n = 78). Our internal experiments yield a mean F1-score of 0.81 for OED segmentation, which reduced slightly to 0.71 on external testing, showing good generalisability, and gaining state-of-the-art results. This is the first externally validated study to use Transformers for segmentation in precancerous histology images. Our publicly available model shows great promise to be the first step of a fully-integrated pipeline, allowing earlier and more efficient OED diagnosis, ultimately benefiting patient outcomes

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Background: Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. // Methods: We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung's disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. // Findings: We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung's disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middle-income countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in low-income countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. // Interpretation: Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Jugaad \u2013 a road map for innovation?

Se \ue8 vero che l'innovazione si propone di dare valore per l'utente, \ue8 vero anche che le percezioni di tale valore possono variare a seconda dei bisogni e dei desideri. Le esigenze motivano a cercare soluzioni nuove. E l'adeguatezza della soluzione \ue8 legata anche (sebbene non solo) alle caratteristiche sociali, economiche e culturali del contesto in cui la soluzione viene applicata. Le condizioni di contesto possono generare vincoli che a loro volta possono anche indurre a pensare in modo diverso e a inventare una soluzione \u201cintelligente\u201d. In sostanza quello che si vuole sostenere \ue8 che se la necessit\ue0 \ue8 la madre dell\u2019invenzione, il vincolo \ue8 il \u201cpadre\u201d dello Jugaad.Il Jugaad \ue8 un modo creativo di soddisfare i propri bisogni emergenti in condizioni di risorse limitate. Si tratta di un approccio reattivo alle difficolt\ue0, ai problemi e alle necessit\ue0. Il termine Jugaad (usato in India e Pakistan) \ue8 generalmente associato a soluzioni di fortuna e/o interventi malamente effettuati ed \ue8 spesso confuso con l'innovazione e l\u2019invenzione.Lo scopo di questa ricerca \ue8 quello di evidenziare le caratteristiche principali del fenomeno Jugaad e di capire il suo posizionamento rispetto ai fenomeni di invenzione ed innovazione. Ci\uf2 che in questo studio si sostiene \ue8 che il Jugaad sia principalmente un fenomeno culturale scatenato dalle esigenze locali, dall'ingegno locale, dall\u2019orientamento culturale e dai vincoli sociali per trovare una soluzione praticabile in situazioni particolari. Esso prevale in condizioni di mancata applicazione di leggi e regolamenti.In questo lavoro, facendo uso di un approccio di ricerca qualitativo di tipo auto-etnografico, abbiamo proposto la distinzione tra Jugaad, invenzione ed innovazione. Ci\uf2 ha permesso di pervenire a tre forme di Jugaad quali il Jugaad per la sopravvivenza, il Jugaad creativo ed il Jugaad innovativo.Uno degli aspetti su cui abbiamo puntato particolare attenzione \ue8 relativo al ruolo della conoscenza tacita nella realizzazione del Jugaad, anche alla luce di un gap rilevato nella letteratura nell\u2019associare la conoscenza tacita al concetto di Jugaad. Abbiamo anche provato a mettere in evidenza diverse caratteristiche strategiche di Jugaad nelle dimensioni sociali, culturali, economiche e tacite, ed abbiamo inoltre analizzato le dimensioni culturali di Hofstede e la loro possibile rilevanza nel fenomeno Jugaad al fine di trovare alcune interessanti conclusioni. Ritenendo che il Jugaad creativo ed il Jugaad innovativo abbiano il potenziale per procedere verso un concetto di innovazione sostenibile, abbiamo proposto vari modelli concettuali per sfruttare la conoscenza tacita utilizzando le due forme di Jugaad sopracitate.If it is true that innovation aims to give value to the user, it is also true that perceptions of this value may also vary depending upon the needs and desires. The needs motivate you to look for new solutions. And the adequacy of the solution is also linked (though not only) to the social, economic and cultural context in which the solution is applied. The contextual conditions can generate constraints which in turn can also lead you to think differently and to invent a "smart solution". We would like to argue that if necessity is the mother of invention, similarly the constraint is the father of Jugaad. The Jugaad is a creative way to meet acute needs in the condition of limited resources. It is a reactive approach to the difficulties, problems and needs. The term Jugaad (used in India and Pakistan) is usually loosely associated to makeshift solutions and/or ugly fixes and is often confused with innovation and invention.The purpose of current research is to highlight the main features of Jugaad phenomenon and understand its positioning with respect to the phenomena of invention and innovation. The current study proposes that Jugaad is mainly a cultural phenomenon that is triggered by local needs, local ingenuity, cultural orientation and social constraints to find a viable solution in particular situations. It prevails in conditions of lack of enforcement of laws and regulations.In the current research, by using qualitative research methodology with an autoethnographic approach, we proposed the distinction between Jugaad, invention and innovation. This allowed us to propose three forms of Jugaad such as survival Jugaad, creative Jugaad and innovative Jugaad.One of the aspects on which we have specially focused is the role of tacit knowledge in the realization of Jugaad, also in light of a gap found in literature in associating tacit knowledge to the Jugaad context. We also attempted to highlight several strategic features of Jugaad in social, cultural, economic and tacit dimensions. In addition, we have also attempted to analyze the cultural dimensions of Hofstede and their possible relevance in Jugaad phenomenon in order to come up with some interesting conclusions.Considering that the creative Jugaad and innovative Jugaad have the potential to proceed towards sustainable innovation, we proposed conceptual models to exploit the tacit knowledge by using aforementioned two forms of Jugaad

IMPACT OF USER IT AND INTERNET SKILLS ON ONLINE BANKING,INPUT TO INNOVATIVE BANKING STRATEGIES

Online-banking is now widely being introduced by banks. This Strategic move issupported by aim to reduce branch/resources costs and offer more convenience tothe consumers. Alongside users are becoming more frequent in IT /internet day-by-day. This provides good match to the success ofOnline-banking.Employee’s skills and user’s skills were also considered by scholars to see theeffect on adoption of online banking. Author has found that these user skills werenot standardized. Author tried to fill this gap byusing Eurostat classification ofskills in terms of user’s Computer and internet skills [Appendix. 1]. The objectiveof this study is threefold, thus understanding theuser perception about fear ofonline theft/misuse, Complexity and effect on individual’s efficiency by usingonline banking.A questionnaire has been sent to users and resultsthus verified 02 of 03hypothesis. Despite higher level of skills and experience, users have concernswith the security and complexity of the method. Theresults are analyzed in asimple graphical fashion in order to provide quickunderstanding to the reader.Concluding, despite certain limitations, this studygives value to the literature andopens new research horizons for online banking strategies. It provides a commoncriterion for understanding user skills and their perceptions about theapplication/usability of online banking using EU classification. Consequentlycounter actions can be taken by the banks to satisfy users concerns and improvethe structure of online banking

Jugaad and innovation: which links?

Purpose. The paper aims to better investigate Jugaad phenomenon to achieve a more correct definition and framing of the concept itself compared to the innovation one. Methodology. Owing to limited availability of data related to Jugaad and, in add, the fact that it is a cultural specific phenomenon developed in certain geographic area with particular socio-cultural characteristics, it seemed to us appropriated to choose autoethnography as qualitative research methodology. We have applied text analysis as tool to study in depth the literature that encircle the concept of Jugaad, invention and innovation in various way. Findings. The literature review has revealed poor clarity about the subject. In particular, there is a lack of a reasoned placement of Jugaad with respect to the concepts of invention and innovation. For this reason we have proposed a Jugaad positioning model with respect to invention and innovation. Moreover we have identified three different forms of Jugaad: survival Jugaad, creative Jugaad and innovative Jugaad. Practical implications. Jugaad, in particular innovative one, has relevant implication in the entrepreneurial world because it has a great potential to reap the benefit of the talents and ideas available at grass root level and come up with breakthrough innovations. Originality/value. The paper represent a first comprehensive study about the subject of Jugaad phenomenon. It underlines similarities and differences between Jugaad, invention and innovation and it highlights the distinct \u201ccore novelty\u201d included in each concept