Guillemot measurements

Biometry, phenology and CORT measurements of adult and juvenile common guillemots on Hornøy

Cod larvae abundances

Abundances and weights of cod larvae from different spawning grounds around the guillemot colony at Hornøya, by date and yea

Clinical disease and viral shedding of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1 from the pharynx of infected knots.

<p>Mean viral titers of productively infected knots (N = 17) are shown (A); days of onset of clinical disease are marked by arrows. Bars represent the upper standard deviation. Red knots presenting clinical disease (N = 4) shed higher titers of HPAIV H5N1 than productively infected knots that remained asymptomatic (B; N = 13; p = 0.005). Box lower and higher limits are first and third quartiles, middle line is the median, and lower and upper whiskers are minimum and maximum values. AUC: area under the curve.</p

Viral shedding of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1 and plasma concentration of corticosterone.

<p>The level of viral shedding from the pharynx and plasma concentration of corticosterone in red knots are positively correlated only in knots inoculated during the migration period (black diamonds; rho = 0.80, p = 0.004). No correlation was detected in knots infected outside the migration period (grey diamonds), or overall for all birds taken together. AUC: area under the curve.</p

Significant differences in migratory state and constitutive immunity in red knots inoculated with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1.

<p>I: knots inoculated during the pre-migration period (N = 6); II: knots inoculated during the fueling period (N = 5); III: knots inoculated during the migration period (N≤12); IV: knots inoculated during the post-migration period (N = 6). The three negative control knots are included in the migration period group (III) for the analyses of pre-inoculation measures of body mass, constitutive immunity and plasma concentration of corticosterone, and of the measures of activity levels (N = 12); the necropsied negative control knot is included in the migration group (III) for the analyses of the measures of length and mass of organs (N = 10).</p

Pathology of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 infection in red knots.

<p>Lesions of acute pancreatitis, showing a discrete focus of pancreatic exocrine cell necrosis (A); lesions of acute encephalitis, showing perivascular accumulation of lymphocytes (B); and presence of influenza virus antigen in nuclei of neurons (large cells) and glial cells (small cells; C). Slides were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (A and B), or by immunohistochemistry using a monoclonal antibody against the nucleoprotein of influenza A virus as the primary antibody (C).</p

Migratory state, constitutive immunity and viral shedding of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1.

<p>Knots were inoculated during the pre-migration period (I; N = 6), the fueling period (II; N = 5), the migration period (III; N≤12), and the post-migration period (IV; N = 6). Results are shown for pre-inoculation body mass (A), activity levels (B), pre-inoculation plasma concentration of corticosterone (C), viral shedding of HPAIV H5N1 from the pharynx (AUC: area under the curve; D), relative mass of the gizzard (E), liver (F), and intestinal tract (G), relative length of the intestinal tract (H), pre-inoculation white blood cell count (dark grey) and lymphocyte count (light grey; I), pre-inoculation proportion of lymphocytes (J), pre-inoculation <i>Escherichia coli</i> killing (K) and pre-inoculation hemolysis (L). rel. = relative. Box lower and higher limits are first and third quartiles, middle line is the median, and lower and upper whiskers are minimum and maximum values. Negative control knots are included in the analyses of pre-inoculation measures of body mass, constitutive immunity and plasma concentration of corticosterone, and of the measures of activity levels (N = 12), and the necropsied negative control knot is included in the analyses of the length and mass of organs (N = 10). For viral shedding, non-productively infected knots are not included (I: N = 5; II: N = 4; III: N = 5; IV: N = 4). Significant differences and p values are given in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0027814#pone-0027814-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>.</p