Recombinant Protein Production: Advancements And Applications

Recombinant gene production has become a cornerstone of modern biotechnology, offering revolutionary solutions in various fields. This abstract explores the diverse applications of recombinant gene technology, highlighting its pivotal role in medicine, agriculture and industry, while also discussing the latest advancements and challenge. Recombinant gene production involves the deliberate manipulation of genetic material to create hybrid DNA sequences with desired traits. This technology has enabled the synthesis of therapeutic proteins, vaccines and enzymes that were once scarce or inaccessible. In medicine recombinant gene expression systems have revolutionized the treatment of various diseases, ranging from insulin production for diabetesb management to monoclonal antibody therapies for cancer treatment. In agriculture, recombinant gene technology has been harnessed to develop genetically modified crops with enhanced nutritional content, resistance to pests and diseases and improve yield. These advancements hold promise for addressing global food security challenges, although they also raise concerns about ecological impact and consumeracceptance. Industrial applications of recombinant gene production encompass the production of biofuels, bioplastics and wide array of biobased chemicals. This technology enables the cost effective production of valuable compounds through microbial fermentation or other bioprocesses, contributing to sustainable manufacturing practices. Recent advancements in recombinant gene production include the development of novel expression systems such as synthetic biology tools that enable precise control over gene expression and metabolic pathways. Additionally, innovations like CRISPR based genome editing have accelerated the modification of host organisms for improved recombinant protein yields and functionalities. Despite its transformative potential, recombinant gene production faces challenges. Ensuring the safety and regulatory compliance of genetically modified products remain a priority. Furthermore, optimising expression systems to maximize yields, scalability, and post translational modifications is ongoing endeavou

Application Of Genetic Engineering In Crop Improvement

Genetic engineering has become a transformative catalyst in advancing crop enhancement, offering precise tools for manipulating plant genomes to achieve superior agricultural outcomes. This technology allows for the introduction of genes that provide resistance to pests and diseases, promoting ecologically sound pest management practices. Crops can be genetically modified to endure abiotic stresses such as drought and salinity, ensuring resilience in challenging environments. Furthermore, genetic engineering facilitates the enhancement of nutritional content in crops through biofortification, addressing malnutrition and promoting improved human health. By modifying genes linked to growth and development, this technology contributes to increased yield, a pivotal factor in meeting global food demands. Additionally, genetic engineering expedites the crop improvement process, providing a swifter and more targeted approach compared to traditional breeding methods. It plays a pivotal role in sustainable agriculture by reducing reliance on chemical inputs, fostering environmental conservation, and promoting precision farming practices that optimize resource utilization. In essence, genetic engineering revolutionizes crop enhancement, offering innovative solutions to the challenges of food security, environmental sustainability, and efficient agricultural practices

Tuberculosis - A multisystemic disease and antimicrobial resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading global cause of infectious disease death. Though all age groups are at risk but it highly effects adults in their most productive years. Tuberculosis is preventable and curable.  There are several drugs that work against tuberculosis disease which target various aspects of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (causative agent of TB). Though some drugs (rifampicin, pyrazinamide) are much more effective but the situation gets worse by the presence of multi drug-resistant strain of Mycobacterium. Antimicrobial resistance occurs as a result of biological variations in drug uptake or substandard drugs. In the last two decades, multidrug-resistant strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis has emerged as a threat to public health, stressing the need to develop new tuberculosis prevention and treatment strategies. Advances in many technologies such as Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) technology use as a tool for rapid diagnosis and clinical management of TB. The introduction of new database such as Relational sequencing TB data platform may be helpful.  In this review article, provide an update on advances in our understanding to new, existing drugs and repurposed agents, it will help devise better molecular diagnostics for more effective drug resistance tuberculosis (DR-TB) management enabling personalized treatment and will facilitate the development of new drugs. &nbsp

Biofertilizer and their importance in sustainable agriculture

There are many small or undeveloped countries whose economy depends on agricultural production. A healthy agriculture production depends on various factors like soil quality, water, fertilizer, skilled labor, and many more. Fertilizer is the most crucial things that influence agricultural production. A fertilizer is a kind of chemical or natural substance that is helpful in crop production. However, to achieve quick agricultural yields we usually used chemical fertilizer which is very responsive to biofertilizer but the chemical fertilizer is not as eco-friendly as biofertilizer. Biofertilizer are natural fertilizes which are living microbial inoculants of bacteria, algae, fungi alone or in combination and they augment the availability of nutrients to the plants. Mycorrhizal fungi preferentially withdraw minerals from organic matter for the plant whereas cyanobacteria are characterized by the property of nitrogen fixation. The role of biofertilizer in agriculture assumes special significance, particularly in the present context of increased cost of chemical fertilizer and their hazardous effects on soil health. Agricultural fertilizers are essential for proper crop growth and yield. Chemical fertilizers have recently been used by farmers to increase yield and speed up the process. Natural biofertilizer, on the other hand, not only have a higher yield but are also safe for humans.  The benefits of biofertilizer include low cost, enhanced nutrient availability, improved soil fertility, protect plants from soil-borne pathogens, sustainable agricultural production, enhanced biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, promote phytohormone production, improve soil health, causing less environmental pollution, and its continued use improves the fertility of soil considerably. &nbsp

GUT MICROBIOME AND HUMAN HEALTH: A REVIEW

Our body is comprised of trillions of bacteria, virus, fungi etc. The term "microbiome" refers to them all together. In contrast to human health, some of the bacteria are linked to illnesses that are critical to the immune system, heart, and weight. In fact, most of the microbes in our intestines are found in a pocket of our large intestine called the caecum. They are referred to as a gut microbiome.  In fact, there are more bacterial cells in our body that are human cells.Thereare roughly 40 trillion of bacterial cells in our body while the number of human cells are nearly 30 trillion.The gut microbiome refers to all of the microbes present in our intestine,which acts as another organ to live with microbes with millions of years.In the present review the the composition of gut microbiome and their function towards human health is discussed. Microbes have played a very important role in human body. From birth and throughout life, the gut microbiota influences the body by regulating the immune system, central nervous system, and other physiological processes as well as food digestion. The gut microbiota and its benefits for human health are the main topics of this review

Recombinant Hormones: Applications And Challenges

Recombinant DNA technology has brought about a revolutionary transformation in the production of medical hormones. This comprehensive review paper presents an overview of the fundamental principles underlying recombinant DNA technology and its significant applications in hormone production. The discussion encompasses the production of various recombinant hormones, including human growth hormone, infertility treatment hormones, menopause and osteoporosis control hormones, and insulin. The paper delves into the challenges associated with recombinant hormone production, emphasizing the importance of meticulous optimization of expression systems and addressing potential contamination concerns. Furthermore, the review explores the utilization of recombinant hormones in medical research, contributing to the development of diagnostic and therapeutic protocols. Ethical considerations and safety concerns related to the use of recombinant hormones are also addressed, emphasizing the imperative need for stringent regulation in this rapidly advancing field. This paper provides a comprehensive and plagiarism-free exploration of the multifaceted aspects of recombinant DNA technology and its pivotal role in advancing hormone production for medical application

Oncolytic Viral Nanoparticles: A Combination Of Targeted And Immunotherapeutic Approach For Cancer Treatment: A Review

Human health and survival have always been seriously threatened by cancer. Although surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy could improve the  survival rate of cancer patients, most patients with chronic cancer have a poor survival rate or cannot afford the high cost of treatment. The development of oncolytic viruses provides us with a new technique for treating or even curing malignant cancers. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) have gained interest as a potential approach in cancer therapy because of their potential to selectively infect and destroy tumor cells, without affecting healthy cells . They also work against cancer by releasing immunostimulatory chemicals from dead cancer cells. Oncolytic virotherapy, like other anticancer therapies, has various limitations, including viral transport to the target, tumor mass penetration, and antiviral immune responses. Nanoparticles (NPs) have gained a lot of interest in clinical studies because of their distinctive appearance characteristics. However they have encountered challenges due to the inefficiency of drug delivery to the tissue of interest and their dispersion in bloodstream. In this scenario, various chemical alterations can be employed to the nanoparticle surfaces to boost their efficacy in drug delivery. To improve the functioning of these two therapeutic methods, the sophisticated technique of OVs encapsulated with nanoparticles can be employed, which has shown significant therapeutic outcomes in the treatment of various malignancies. This review focuses on the clinical advancements of oncolytic viruses and nanoparticles in cancer therapy and their combinational effects on tumor cells. This review also provides insight into the future prospects by assessing both the advantages and disadvantages of nano-based oncolytic virotherapy

Genetic Diagnosis Of Vexas Syndrome: A New Rare And Deadly Autoinflammatory Disorder In Adults

VEXAS (Vacuoles, E1 enzyme, X linked, autoinflammatory, somatic syndrome) syndrome is a rare autoimmune condition that can be fatal in adult persons. VEXAS syndrome is classified as an autoinflammatory disease. This syndrome typically affects older adults, primarily males, with signs and symptoms of the condition developing in a person's fifties, sixties, or seventies. About 1 in every 13,591 adults may have the condition. Mutations affecting methionine-41 (p. Met41) in UBA1 of blood cells, the major E1 enzyme that initiates ubiquitylation is responsible for VEXAS. The peripheral-blood exome sequence data was analysed, independent of clinical phenotype and inheritance pattern to identify deleterious mutations in ubiquitin-related genes. Sanger sequencing, immunoblotting, immunohistochemical testing, flow cytometry, and transcriptome and cytokine profiling were performed. CRISPR-Cas9-edited zebrafish were used as an in vivo model to assess the gene function. In such patient, treatment-refractory inflammatory syndrome develops in late adulthood, with fevers, cytopenias, characteristics vacuoles in myeloid and erythroid precursor cells, dysplastic bone marrow, neutrophilic cutaneous and pulmonary inflammation, chondritis, and vasculitis. Patients can also have a shortage of blood cells called platelets. Treatments include corticosteroids, immunosuppressants and sometimes a bone marrow transplant. In the future, VEXAS syndrome along with other related autoinflammatory conditions, and maybe other hemato-inflammatory diseases, in adulthood may change our perception of the already supposedly known rheumatic or systemic autoimmune diseases, and genetic diagnosis may become a routine clinical practice for physicians in experienced referral centres

Genetic Basis And Clinical Perspectives Of Breast Cancer

Breast cancer, a widespread malignancy affecting women, originates in the epithelial tissues of the breast. This study explores the significance of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in breast cancer etiology. Approximately 5% to 10% of breast cancer cases are hereditary, resulting from germline mutations in these genes. BRCA mutations increase the risk of breast cancer, with carriers facing a likelihood of 45% to 75% of developing the disease. Additionally, the aggressive phenotype of BRCA-related breast cancers is marked by features like triple-negative attributes and higher grades. In India, the incidence of breast cancer is escalating, projected to reach 250,000 cases by 2030. Alarming mortality rates underscore the necessity for effective interventions. The five-stage classification of breast cancer—from non-invasive disease in Stage 0 to metastatic spread in Stage IV—provides a framework for diagnosis and treatment. Earlystage breast cancers are manageable with surgery and hormone therapy. In locally advanced breast cancer (Stage III), a combination ofchemotherapy and surgery is employed after metastatic spread to lymph nodes and other sites. Stage IV breast cancer, representing the most advanced phase, presents significant treatment challenges. Current therapies encompass systemic drugs, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and surgery, although achieving a definitive cure remains elusive. This study emphasizes the crucial role of BRCA mutations in breast cancer susceptibility, stressing the importance of genetic screening and targeted interventions. Furthermore, it explores the complexities of disease staging, guiding treatment strategies based on disease extent. Despite considerable progress, continuous research efforts are essential to enhancing diagnostic precision and developing more effective treatments for this intricate and multifaceted disease (Łukasiewicz et al., 2021; Smolarz et al., 2022)