Hormonal Regulation of Hepatic CYP Expression: Implications in Altered Drug Metabolism during Pregnancy

Pregnancy alters hepatic drug metabolism in a cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoform-specific manner, and rising concentrations of female hormones are potentially responsible for the changes. The objective of this study is to determine the effects of estradiol (E2) and progesterone (PRG) on the expression and activities of hepatic CYPs. In chapter 2, human hepatocytes were treated with E2, PRG, their combination, or known CYP inducers and the mRNA expression and activity levels of CYP were determined. The roles of orphan nuclear receptors in hormone-mediated CYP regulation were also determined by promoter activity assays. The results show that E2 enhances CYP2A6, CYP2B6, and CYP3A4 expression whereas PRG enhances CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP3A4, and CYP3A5 expression. E2 also increased the activities of CYP2C9 and CYP2E1 without affecting the mRNA levels. A combination of estrogens and PRG exhibited an additive effect on CYP3A4 expression, but not on CYP2A6 and CYP2B6 expression. The promoter assays showed that E2 is a constitutive androstane receptor activator, and PRG is a pregnane X receptor activator. When these results were compared with the clinical observations, increased activities of CYP2A6, CYP2C9 and CYP3A4/5 during pregnancy can be, at least in part, attributable to increased female hormone levels. In Chapter 3, we characterized effects of E2 on the expression of rat hepatic CYPs in vivo. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with estradiol benzoate or known CYP inducers, and the expression and activities of CYPs and their modulators were determined. The results showed that E2 enhanced the expression of CYP1A2, CYP2C6, CYP2C7, CYP2C12, and CYP3A9 while the expression of CYP3A1, PXR, CAR, and POR was downregulated. The directional changes observed in female rats are mostly different from those clinically observed during human pregnancy. In chapter 4, we evaluated DMSO-treated Huh 7 cells as an in vitro model system for drug metabolism studies. The results showed that 2% DMSO treatment dramatically induced the mRNA expression levels and activities of most DMEs in Huh7 cells. However, compared to human hepatocytes, the overall expression and activities of DMEs were still low, limiting the utility of DMSO-treated Huh7 cells as a substitution for hepatocytes

Euscaphic acid relieves fatigue by enhancing anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects

Oxidative stress and inflammation are involved in chronic fatigue. Euscaphic acid (EA) is an active compound of Eriobotrya japonica (Loquat) and has anti-oxidative effect. The goal of present study is to prove whether EA could relieve fatigue through enhancing anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in in vitro/in vivo models. EA notably improved activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), while EA reduced levels of malondiadehyde (MDA) and inflammatory cytokines without cytotoxicity in H2O2-stimulated in myoblast cell line, C2C12 cells. EA significantly reduced levels of fatigue-causing factors such as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatin kinase (CK), while EA significantly incresed levels of anti-fatigue-related factor, glycogen compared to the H2O2-stimulated C2C12 cells. In treadmill stress test (TST), EA significantly enhanced activities of SOD and CAT as well as exhaustive time and decreased levels of MDA and inflammatory cytokines. After TST, levels of free fatty acid, citrate synthase, and muscle glycogen were notably enhanced by oral administration of EA, but EA decreased levels of lactate, LDH, cortisol, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase, CK, glucose, and blood urea nitrogen compared to the control group. Furthermore, in forced swimming test, EA significantly increased levels of anti-fatigue-related factors and decreased excessive accumulations of fatigue-causing factors. Therefore, the results indicate that potent anti-fatigue effect of EA can be achieved via the improvement of anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties, and this study will provide scientific data for EA to be developed as a novel and efficient component in anti-fatigue health functional food.</p