Analysis of Goal Line Technology from the Perspective of an Electromagnetic Field based Approach

The aim of this work is to analyze Goal Line Technologies with focus on the electromagnetic field based approach GoalRef. This paper will give an overview of the requirements that must be fulfilled by to get approved by FIFA. The existing solution approaches will be described and possible environmental influences like occlusion or deformation of the ball that can affect the system's performance will be discussed. Afterwards, GoalRef will be presented in detail. Finally measurement results for one test scenario in the lab will be presented to validate the system approach and to determine the potential accuracy range of the system

Antennenvorrichtung, Funkerkennungssystem und Verfahren zum Aussenden eines Funksignals

Eine Antennenvorrichtung umfasst eine Abstrahleinrichtung umfassend eine Mehrzahl von Antennen, die ausgebildet ist, um ein Funksignal mit einer Abstrahlcharakteristik auszusenden. Die Antennenvorrichtung umfasst ferner eine Berechnungseinrichtung, die ausgebildet ist, um basierend auf einem bereitgestellten Identifikationssignal eine Mehrzahl von Speisesignalen zu erzeugen und an die Mehrzahl von Antennen anzulegen, um das Funksignal zu erzeugen. Die Berechnungseinrichtung ist ferner ausgebildet, um die Speisesignale zeitvariant zu steuern, so dass das Funksignal mit einer zeitvarianten Abstrahlcharakteristik ausgesendet wird

RFID reader and method for adjusting a frame length of an RFID system comprising an RFID reader

Embodiments provide an RFID reader. The RFID reader comprises a collision detector, a decoder and a frame length adjuster. The collision detector is configured to detect for each slot of a plurality of slots of a current frame, in which a collision of signals transmitted by at least two RFID tags occurred, a signal property of a signal of the signals transmitted by at least two RFID tags. The decoder is configured to decode for the slot in which the collision is detected the signal of the signals transmitted by the at least two RFID tags using the detected signal property, wherein a collision recover probability describing a probability that the decoder can accurately decode the one signal depends on a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the current frame. The frame length adjuster is configured to adjust a frame length of a subsequent frame in dependence on the collision recover probability

RFID reader and method for recognizing RFID tags

The invention refers to an RFID reader (1) comprising a transmitter (2), a receiver (3), and an evaluator (4). The receiver (3) receives signals from RFID tags (10) within a given number of slots of a time frame with a given frame size (L) and provides a number of successful slots (ss) and a number of collided slots (cs). The evaluator (4) sets a modified frame size (L') based on an estimated number of RFID tags (n est ) which is determined based on the frame size (L), the number of successful slots (ss), and the number of collided slots (cs). The invention also refers to a corresponding method

Co-Culture of S. epidermidis and Human Osteoblasts on Implant Surfaces: An Advanced In Vitro Model for Implant-Associated Infections.

OBJECTIVES:Total joint arthroplasty is one of the most frequent and effective surgeries today. However, despite improved surgical techniques, a significant number of implant-associated infections still occur. Suitable in vitro models are needed to test potential approaches to prevent infection. In the present study, we aimed to establish an in vitro co-culture setup of human primary osteoblasts and S. epidermidis to model the onset of implant-associated infections, and to analyze antimicrobial implant surfaces and coatings. MATERIALS AND METHODS:For initial surface adhesion, human primary osteoblasts (hOB) were grown for 24 hours on test sample discs made of polystyrene, titanium alloy Ti6Al4V, bone cement PALACOS R®, and PALACOS R® loaded with antibiotics. Co-cultures were performed as a single-species infection on the osteoblasts with S. epidermidis (multiplicity of infection of 0.04), and were incubated for 2 and 7 days under aerobic conditions. Planktonic S. epidermidis was quantified by centrifugation and determination of colony-forming units (CFU). The quantification of biofilm-bound S. epidermidis on the test samples was performed by sonication and CFU counting. Quantification of adherent and vital primary osteoblasts on the test samples was performed by trypan-blue staining and counting. Scanning electron microscopy was used for evaluation of topography and composition of the species on the sample surfaces. RESULTS:After 2 days, we observed approximately 104 CFU/ml biofilm-bound S. epidermidis (103 CFU/ml initial population) on the antibiotics-loaded bone cement samples in the presence of hOB, while no bacteria were detected without hOB. No biofilm-bound bacteria were detectable after 7 days in either case. Similar levels of planktonic bacteria were observed on day 2 with and without hOB. After 7 days, about 105 CFU/ml planktonic bacteria were present, but only in the absence of hOB. Further, no bacteria were observed within the biofilm, while the number of hOB was decreased to 10% of its initial value compared to 150% in the mono-culture of hOB. CONCLUSION:We developed a co-culture setup that serves as a more comprehensive in vitro model for the onset of implant-associated infections and provides a test method for antimicrobial implant materials and coatings. We demonstrate that observations can be made that are unavailable from mono-culture experiments