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ΠΡ ΡΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ Π΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈ Π’ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°
ΠΡ
ΡΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ Π Π°ΠΌΠΊΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ ΠΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ Π½Π° 13 ΠΠ²Π³ΡΡΡ 2001 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°. ΠΠ²ΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠΎΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΈΠΊΡ Π²ΠΎ Π Π΅ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ Π±Π΅Π·Π±Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΠ»Π±Π°Π½ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΎ-ΠΡΠ»ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π½Π° ΠΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ° (ΠΠΠ). ΠΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡ Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ°Π½ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ ΠΎΠ΄ Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΎ Π Π΅ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡ Π½Π° Π Π, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠΈ Π½Π° Π‘ΠΠ ΠΈ ΠΠ£. ΠΠ°ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ Π΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ Π³Π°ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΡΠ° Π·Π°Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΡΡΠ΄ ΠΈΠΌΠ° Π·Π° ΡΠ΅Π» Π΄Π° ΡΠ° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ° ΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΡ
ΡΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ, Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΡΠΎΡ Π³ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π±Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ°, ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΈ. Π‘Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ° Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π° Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ Π£ΡΡΠ°Π². ΠΡ
ΡΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ Π Π°ΠΌΠΊΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ ΠΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ·Π΅Π½, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ Π²ΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π½ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊ. ΠΠ΅Π±Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π° Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ³Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π½Π΅Ρ, Π° ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° Π±Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΠ»Π±Π°Π½ΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π±ΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ 2016 Π³ΠΎΠ΄. Π’ΠΎΠΊΠΌΡ Π·Π°ΡΠΎΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π°ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΡ
ΡΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠ° ,,Π’ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°β Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΠ»Π±Π°Π½ΡΠΈ.
ΠΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΈ Π·Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ: ΠΎΡ
ΡΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ Π΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ, ΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ, ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½Π° Π·Π°Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ°, ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°
ΠΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π½Π° Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΠ°Π»ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΎΡ
ΠΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π·Π° Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° Π±Π°Π»ΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π° ΡΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»Π½ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ, Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎ 19 ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡ Π½Π° 20 Π²Π΅ΠΊ. ΠΠΎΠ³Π° ΡΠ΅ Π·Π±ΠΎΡΡΠ²Π° Π·Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎΡΡ, Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ°Π°Ρ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π»Π΅Π³ΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ Π΄Π²Π°ΡΠ° ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ-ΠΡΠΌΠ°Π½Π»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΈ ΠΠ²ΡΡΡΠΎ-ΡΠ½Π³Π°ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ (ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ 1867 Π₯Π°Π±Π·Π±ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ). ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΎΡ, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π½ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠΏΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π²ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΡΡΡΠΊΠ°, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°Π°Ρ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Π° ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ³Π° Π²ΠΎ ΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ βΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΎ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅β.
Π’Π΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ½Π΄Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π³Π»Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ° Π²ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΡ, ΠΈΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»Π½Π° ΠΌΠΈΡΠ»Π°, ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎ Π°ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»Π½ΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π±Π°Π»ΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠΊΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠΎΠ½ Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π·Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ Π±Π°Π»ΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ΄ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡ Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ°, ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ, Π²ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π±Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΆΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ, Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° Π·Π°Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΡΠΌΠ°Π½Π»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ, Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ Π½ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΏΠ°Π½ΡΠ»Π°Π²ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ. Π‘ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΡ Π½Π° Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° Π³ΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°-Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π° ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π»Π΅Π³ΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΌΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡ. ΠΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈ, ΡΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π±Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΆΡΠ²Π°, ΠΏΡΠ²ΠΎ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π° 19 Π²Π΅ΠΊ, Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π±Π°Π»ΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠ°Π³Π°Π½Π΄ΠΈ, Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎ, Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ, ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ², ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π½Π° ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ. Π‘Π΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π±ΠΈΡΠ°, ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎ Π±Π°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π΅Π½ Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ, Ρ.Π΅. Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π°
ΠΠ°Π»ΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈ- Π‘ΡΠΎ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ°: ΠΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π²ΠΎ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΠ°Π»ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΎΡ
ΠΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎ ΠΡΠΌΠ°Π½Π»ΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΡΠ·ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΎΡ Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π», ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π° Π·Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π³ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°Π» ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΡ Π΄Π΅Π» ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΎΡ Π²ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡ Π½Π° Π±Π°Π»ΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π·Π° ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ° ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π΅ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎ ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° Π½Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎ ΠΠ°Π»ΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π±Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠ²ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡ Π½Π° 20-ΠΎΡ Π²Π΅ΠΊ. ΠΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΠ°Π»ΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈ (1912-13) Π΄Π΅Π½Π΅Ρ Π²ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΠ°Π»ΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²ΠΈ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΠ·ΠΈΠ²Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ° Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π° ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ.
ΠΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ Π°Π½ΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π½Π° Π±Π°Π»ΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ- Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²ΠΈ Π·Π° Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ³Π° Π²ΠΎ ΠΠ°Π»ΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈ, ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ΄ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π΅Π΄Π°Π°Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅. ΠΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·Π° Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈ Π·Π½Π°Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ΠΈ ΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ (Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°) ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π° Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΡ, ΡΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π½Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π·Π° ΠΠ°Π»ΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½ΠΈΠ· Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎ Π’ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΡΠ³Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ Π‘ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π΄ΡΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ΅ Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΊΡ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ Π³Π»Π΅Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΠ°Π»ΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈ.
ΠΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΈ Π·Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ: ΠΠ°Π»ΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈ Π²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈ, ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΠ°Π»ΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ·, ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π½ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ, Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ
AFTER ELECTIONS CONSTITUTIONAL DILLEMAS AND THE CREATION OF THE GOVERNMENT IN REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA
The last parliamentary elections in the Republic of Macedonia resulted
in almost equal number of members in the parliament between the
coalitions led by the biggest op-position and position party.This close
result was an initiative for different interpretations of the constitutional
regulations regarding the mandate to form a new government and in
case if the mandator does not succeed in forming a government in the
constitutionally provided period. Especially the second part of the
previous question attracts an interest why hasn`t the Macedonian
constitution have foreseen that situation. This article will make a
summary of the opinions of adequate experts; it will analyze the
established practice; it will analyze in detail the highest Macedonian
legal act and it will compare it to the constitutions of Serbia and Croatia
(in the part of government election). On the basis of the previously said
we will try to give concrete recommendations for what should the
reaction be in the concrete situation, something that can influence the
creation of the new and of any other future government in the Republic
of Macedonia
The Balkan Wars through the Prism of the Wider Theoretical Framework of the Concept of the βSecurity Dilemmaβ
This paper researches the two Balkan wars and the actions of the participating countries by using the theoretical concept of the so-called βsecurity dilemmaβ as one of the key concepts in the science of international relations. Itβs an attempt to make an analysis of the Balkan wars, or, more specifically, of all the key elements of this theoretical framework. The goal is to find out whether this theoretical concept can be applied to the countries which took part in the Balkan Wars, and if its application in this specific case can offer some answers about the reasons behind the start of the two Balkan Wars, the question of the balance of power and its shifts, as well as the changes in alliances between the participating countries. In order to successfully accomplish this goal, the paper is going to utilize relevant literature on the topic of this theoretical concept, but also on the historical period of the two Balkan wars (1912 and 1913). With this approach, we hope to look at the subject from a different angle, which has not been sufficiently explored
ΠΠ’ΠΠ-ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ‘Π’ΠΠ§ΠΠΠ’Π Π Π ΠΠΠΠΠΠ‘ΠΠ ΠΠ‘ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠ’ΠΠ’ΠΠ’ΠΠ’ ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ¦ΠΠ’Π ΠΠ£Π‘ΠΠΠΠΠΠ: ΠΠΠΠΠΠ ΠΠ ΠΠΠ£ Π’ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠ’Π ΠΠ ΠΠ’ΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠ’Π ΠΠ Π£ΠΠ Π ΠΠΠΠΠΠ’Π ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ¦Π ΠΠ Π€Π ΠΠΠ ΠΠ ΠΠΠ Π’
The collective group identity of the category known today as Makedonci Muslimani started with the process of conversion to Islam and segregation from Christian community. Thus, relations with the others, including those with the same linguistic origin, were built on the religious base. The national creation based on language, except for the Albanian example, found obstacles in the religious aspect, keeping the old division of Ottoman Millet system. The Christians in the Balkans understood the language of nationalism, but their attitude towards the Muslims was close to the domain of non-defined discourse between religious communities. On the other hand, because the Balkan Muslims couldnβt adapt to the national code, they were excluded from the process of national integration and homogenization, and they kept their fluent consciousness represented through the Millet mentality and the Ottoman heritage. Throughout the twentieth century, within the territory of the Republic of Macedonia today, the Serbian, Albanian and Macedonian nationalities were promoted through this group. The agency used the secularization of the society as the base for promoting the ethno-linguistic character of the national identities. Education and mass administration were the basic tools for indoctrination. In the post World War II period, that which gave substance to Makedonstvoto (the Macedonianhood), like the relations between the Christians and the Muslims, excluded the category of Makedonci Muslimani. For the Macedonians (Macedonians=Christians), the inherent conflict between the Orthodoxy, as the central element of their identity, and the Islam apriori excluded all the Muslims
Macedonian Question Reframed: Politics, Identity and Culture in Republic of Macedonia
Macedonian question has opened twentieth century Balkan political scene. Historical framework offered broad definitions including political, cultural and identity aspects. The population mix in Macedonia in the late Ottoman Empire created preconditions of a variety in political affiliations in which regional confronted great power interests. In this context, an autochthonous independent Macedonian revolutionary movement was created in the face of the Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (MRO), which later crystalize its goals into the idea of a unified independent Macedonian state. Although in the turmoil of the Balkan Wars and First World War Macedonia was divided by its neighbors, Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece, after World War Two Macedonian statehood was created in part of the original ethno- geographic territory.After the dissolution of Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY), in 1991, the Republic of Macedonia gained full independence. But during the period of international recognition, generated by the original cultural, political and identity aspects a βNew Macedonian questionβ arise. The complexity of this reframed Macedonian question can be summarized in few salient points: The name issue problem with Greece, Unwillingness of Bulgaria to recognize independent Macedonian language and national identity, the Serbian pretensions towards the Macedonian Orthodox Church, Complex inner multiethnic context and Macedonian-Albanian relations, and finally, the geostrategic position influenced by the blockade for integration into the EU and NATO and new positioning of regional and world powers related with the latest Syrian and Ukrainian crisis. Β Keywords: Macedonia, Balkan, Macedonian question, identity, Name issu
RESPONSIBILITY OF ADMINISTRATION BASIC PRINCIPLE IN THE ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURE
Generally, responsibility is misconduct of a physical or legal person who deviates from legal and moral norms, causing consequences and should be responsible for its actions by the law. In administrative law, this means that each administrative body should be responsible for its actions before another administrative, legislative or judicial authority. This means that through the responsibility, the values ββof a system is promoted, which are: efficiency, effectiveness, reliability and predictability of the public administration. A special feature of responsibility in the area of administrative law is that it is provided through a complex set of formal procedures. There is no abstract responsibility, but there is a concrete and legally defined responsibility explained through a set of specific procedures. In the Republic of Northern Macedonia, the responsibility of the administration is codified in the Law of Administrative Servants where the easier and more severe violation of the working position is distinguished, as well as the manner and procedure of proving the responsibility of the administration and pronouncing the disciplinary measure. The subject of this paper is legal provisions analysis regarding the responsibility of the administration, the types of responsibility, disciplinary procedures and the applicability of disciplinary procedures. The purpose of this paper is analyses of the procedures that determine the personal material liability of the administrative officials contained in the laws in the Republic of Macedonia. The emphasis of this research is the responsibility of the administrative servants in the adoption of specific administrative acts, resolution of administrative cases in the administrative procedures, that is, when the outcomes of the proceedings are ruinous solutions that cause damage to citizens. European countries have clear rules about compensating the damage to citizens due to unprofessional and irresponsible work of the administration. The Law of Administrative Servants in the Republic of Northern Macedonia points to compensation for the damage that will be inflicted on third persons by the citizens, compensated by the state administration body. The question is whether our legislation on the responsibility of the administration should consider establishing clear indicators that will detect the responsibility of the administration, especially the one that inflicts damage on the citizens. The methodology of labor is based on the analysis of relevant legal and sub-legal acts, statistical indicators, as well as indicators of previous research relevant to the subject of research. In the current practice and analysis of the state authorities, it is perceived that there are very few disciplinary procedures that have been against the administrative officials, and for the material responsibility of the administrative officials, there is not a single procedure. As long as there are no clear indicators that will indicate inefficiency of the administration and as a result bearing material responsibility, and personally compensating the damage caused to the citizens, we can not speak about the efficient and responsible operation of the administration in the Republic of Macedonia
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE DISPUTE IN THE MACEDONIAN LEGAL SISTEM
In the past period, weaknesses of certain solutions have been identified in the previous Law on Administrative Disputes, which made more difficult or slowed down the work of the Administrative Court for efficient judicial protection. The disadvantages are the absence of a public hearing to determine the factual situation, infrequent application of resolving a dispute with full jurisdiction, delay in delivery, etc ..For that reason, the Law on Administrative Dispute was revised and amended in order to increase the efficiency of the civil service. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the latest amendments to the Law on Administrative Dispute, (adopted in 2019), their significance functionality and practical application. In particular. Law on Administrative Dispute. The main emphasis of the paper is to see how these principles apply and how they affect the efficiency of the Administrative Court. In addition, other innovations will be analyzed in the Law on Administrative Dispute, which are aimed at improving the efficiency of the administrative judiciary. The conclusion is that the legislator's commitment is to harmonize the administrative judiciary in Macedonia with the principles in the European administrative system. The applicability of some provisions will ensure efficiency in the judiciary, but in general we cannot agree that the scope of work and efficiency of the Administrative Judiciary will be reduced. Although the lawmaker seeks to increase efficiency in the correspondence between the first-instance administrative bodies of the administration and the administrative court, time is still wasted waiting for the original documents relevant to the hearing
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