16 research outputs found
Desilication of SAPO-34: Reaction Mechanisms from Periodic DFT Calculations
With the aim of understanding the
desilication of SAPO-34, we compared
three different reaction mechanisms for the hydrolysis of framework
silicon by use of density functional theory (DFT) calculations. All
three mechanisms are characterized by stepwise hydrolyses of SiâOâAl
bonds. In the most favorable mechanism water molecules adsorb strongly
to the Lewis acidic Al atoms neighboring the Si atom. Furthermore,
evaluation of free energies reveals that an additional water molecule
may catalyze the hydrolysis of the first SiâOâAl bond
Mechanistic Comparison of the Dealumination in SSZ-13 and the Desilication in SAPO-34
With
the purpose of understanding the behavior of aluminosilicate
zeolites and silicoaluminophosphates (SAPOs) in the presence of steam,
we carried out a computational density functional theory (DFT) study
on the desilication of SAPO-34. The mechanism studied was a stepwise
hydrolysis of the four bonds to the Si heteroatom. An analogous process
to the desilication of SAPO-34 is the dealumination of SSZ-13. To
investigate possible mechanistic differences between the two processes,
we compared the results of this study with the results of a previous
study on dealumination in SSZ-13. We found that the intermediates
along the dealumination path of SSZ-13 have one of the protons bonded
to a bridging oxygen atom. In the corresponding intermediates of the
desilication path in SAPO-34, the same proton prefers to be part of
an aqua ligand coordinated to an Al atom. The principal factor determining
the different proton locations is the electronic requirement of the
atoms surrounding the proton. The different proton locations in SSZ-13
and SAPO-34 put clear conditions on possible mechanisms, thus causing
them to be different for the two materials. We expect the principles
determining the proton location also to be valid for other mechanisms
of dealumination in SSZ-13 and desilication in SAPO-34
Mechanism of Si Island Formation in SAPO-34
With
the aim of understanding the Si island formation in SAPO-34, we have
carried out a computational mechanistic study. Briefly, the Si island
formation in SAPO-34 is explained by three successive reactions. First,
the framework Si atom is removed from the framework through the action
of four water molecules. Second, the hydrogarnet defect generated
by the desilication is healed by an available H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> molecule. Third, the extra framework SiÂ(OH)<sub>4</sub> species
inserts in the framework position of a phosphorus atom while, in a
concerted fashion, âkicking outâ the phosphorus atom
as a H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> extra-framework species. When these
exchanges of framework and extra-framework species are repeated, the
isolated Si atoms may eventually cluster into Si islands
Mechanistic Comparison of the Dealumination in SSZ-13 and the Desilication in SAPO-34
With
the purpose of understanding the behavior of aluminosilicate
zeolites and silicoaluminophosphates (SAPOs) in the presence of steam,
we carried out a computational density functional theory (DFT) study
on the desilication of SAPO-34. The mechanism studied was a stepwise
hydrolysis of the four bonds to the Si heteroatom. An analogous process
to the desilication of SAPO-34 is the dealumination of SSZ-13. To
investigate possible mechanistic differences between the two processes,
we compared the results of this study with the results of a previous
study on dealumination in SSZ-13. We found that the intermediates
along the dealumination path of SSZ-13 have one of the protons bonded
to a bridging oxygen atom. In the corresponding intermediates of the
desilication path in SAPO-34, the same proton prefers to be part of
an aqua ligand coordinated to an Al atom. The principal factor determining
the different proton locations is the electronic requirement of the
atoms surrounding the proton. The different proton locations in SSZ-13
and SAPO-34 put clear conditions on possible mechanisms, thus causing
them to be different for the two materials. We expect the principles
determining the proton location also to be valid for other mechanisms
of dealumination in SSZ-13 and desilication in SAPO-34
Defect Engineering: Tuning the Porosity and Composition of the MetalâOrganic Framework UiO-66 via Modulated Synthesis
Presented in this
paper is a deep investigation into the defect
chemistry of UiO-66 when synthesized in the presence of monocarboxylic
acid modulators under the most commonly employed conditions. We unequivocally
demonstrate that missing cluster defects are the predominant defect
and that their concentration (and thus the porosity and composition
of the material) can be tuned to a remarkable extent by altering the
concentration and/or acidity of the modulator. Finally, we attempt
to rationalize these observations by speculating on the underlying
solution chemistry
Kinetics of Zeolite Dealumination: Insights from HâSSZ-13
When
zeolite catalysts are subjected to steam at high temperatures,
a permanent loss of activity happens, because of the loss of aluminum
from the framework. This dealumination is a complex process involving
the hydrolysis of four AlâO bonds. This work addresses the
dealumination from a theoretical point of view, modeling the kinetics
in zeolite H-SSZ-13 to gain insights that can extend to other zeolites.
We employ periodic density functional theory (DFT) to obtain free-energy
profiles, and we solve a microkinetic model to derive the rates of
dealumination. We argue that such modeling should consider water that
has been physisorbed in the zeolite as the reference state and propose
a scheme for deriving the free energy of this state. The results strongly
suggest that the first of the four hydrolysis steps is insignificant
for the kinetics of zeolite dealumination. Furthermore, the results
indicate that, in H-SSZ-13, it is sufficient to include only the fourth
hydrolysis step when estimating the rate of dealumination at temperatures
above 700 K. These are key aspects to investigate in further work
on the process, particularly when comparing different zeolite frameworks
Detailed Structure Analysis of Atomic Positions and Defects in Zirconium MetalâOrganic Frameworks
We
report the structure of the Zr metalâorganic frameworks (MOFs)
UiO-66 and UiO-67 to very fine detail using synchrotron single-crystal
X-ray diffraction and the synthesis method used to obtain single crystals.
Zr terephthalate MOF UiO-66 is known to have missing linkers, and
the nature of these are shown to be coordinating water and solvent
molecules. Single crystals of the isoreticular material UiO-67 does
not show such missing linker defects
Detailed Structure Analysis of Atomic Positions and Defects in Zirconium MetalâOrganic Frameworks
We
report the structure of the Zr metalâorganic frameworks (MOFs)
UiO-66 and UiO-67 to very fine detail using synchrotron single-crystal
X-ray diffraction and the synthesis method used to obtain single crystals.
Zr terephthalate MOF UiO-66 is known to have missing linkers, and
the nature of these are shown to be coordinating water and solvent
molecules. Single crystals of the isoreticular material UiO-67 does
not show such missing linker defects
Shape Selectivity in the Conversion of Methanol to Hydrocarbons: The Catalytic Performance of One-Dimensional 10-Ring Zeolites: ZSM-22, ZSM-23, ZSM-48, and EU-1
The methanol-to-hydrocarbon (MTH) reaction, a process in which low-value carbon-rich feedstocks are converted to value-added petrochemical products, is studied over one-dimensional 10-ring zeolites: ZSM-22 (TON), ZSM-23 (MTT), ZSM-48 (*MRE), and EU-1 (EUO). The latter three are little studied as MTH catalysts and were expected to display interesting product-shape-selective properties. The influence of slight differences in channel systems of the materials (size and shape) on product distribution and stability is investigated under various reaction conditions. In addition, the influence of coke deposition on product selectivity is investigated. Temperatures between 350 and 500 °C and WHSV between 2 and 6 g g<sup>â1</sup> h<sup>â1</sup> are investigated using a fixed bed reactor. The products are analyzed using online GC, and hydrocarbons trapped in the channels of the material during the reaction were liberated using the standard HF dissolution procedure and analyzed using GC/MS. Despite the small differences in the channel shape and dimension, the materials displayed very different product spectra. The catalysts converted comparable amounts of methanol before complete deactivation at their optimum MTH condition. Except for EU-1, all the catalysts gave high selectivity for hydrocarbons in the boiling range of gasoline fuel, C<sub>5+</sub> fraction. Unlike ZSM-22 and ZSM-23, the EU-1 and ZSM-48 catalysts displayed notable amounts of aromatics in their C<sub>5+</sub> fraction. Such compounds are good octane boosters. However, because of environmental problems, there are limits on aromatics in gasoline. For ZSM-22, ZSM-23, and EU-1 catalysts, the deposition of coke within the channels does not affect the selectivity. Rather, the change in selectivity with reaction time can be regarded as a change in contact time. The involvement of the 12-ring side pocket of EU-1 zeolites for the MTH reaction is indicated both by the unexpected catalytic behavior and by analysis of retained species within the pore structure
Effect of Benzoic Acid as a Modulator in the Structure of UiO-66: An Experimental and Computational Study
The
identification and quantification of defects are undoubtedly
thorough challenges in the characterization of âdefect-engineeredâ
metalâorganic frameworks (MOFs). UiO-66, known for its exceptional
stability and defect tolerance, has been a popular target for defect-engineering
studies. Herein, we show that synthesizing UiO-66 in the presence
of an excess of benzoic acid is a reliable method for obtaining UiO-66
samples with a very high concentration of missing-cluster defects,
allowing one to modulate specific properties (i.e., surface area and
hydrophobicity). This was elucidated by a multitechnique marriage
of experimental and computational methods: a combination of PXRD,
dissolution/<sup>1</sup>H NMR spectroscopy, and N<sub>2</sub> sorption
measurements was used to quantify the defect loading, while vibrational
spectroscopies (FTIR and Raman) allowed us to unequivocally identify
the defect structure by comparison with DFT-simulated spectra and
visual analysis of the computed vibrational modes