Radio recombination lines from the largest bound atoms in space

In this paper, we report the detection of a series of radio recombination lines (RRLs) in absorption near 26 MHz arising from the largest bound carbon atoms detected in space. These atoms, which are more than a million times larger than the ground state atoms are undergoing delta transitions (n~1009, Delta n=4) in the cool tenuous medium located in the Perseus arm in front of the supernova remnant, Cassiopeia A. Theoretical estimates had shown that atoms which recombined in tenuous media are stable up to quantum levels n~1500. Our data indicates that we have detected radiation from atoms in states very close to this theoretical limit. We also report high signal-to-noise detections of alpha, beta and gamma transitions in carbon atoms arising in the same clouds. In these data, we find that the increase in line widths with quantum number (proportional to n^5) due to pressure and radiation broadening of lines is much gentler than expected from existing models which assume a power law background radiation field. This discrepancy had also been noted earlier. The model line widths had been overestimated since the turnover in radiation field of Cassiopeia A at low frequencies had been ignored. In this paper, we show that, once the spectral turnover is included in the modeling, the slower increase in line width with quantum number is naturally explained.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA

OBSERVATIONS OF DECAMETER CARBON RADIO RECOMBINATION LINES IN SEVERAL GALACTIC DIRECTIONS. Part 1. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

Subject and Purpose. Since decameter carbon radio recombination lines (RRLs) were detected for the first time more than forty years ago, they have significantly extended our knowledge of the physics, kinematics and chemistry of the cold rarefied interstellar medium (ISM). A large number of these lines have been observed towards various Galactic radio sources. The present paper describes our studies of decameter carbon RRLs in such Galactic directions as the sight-lines to the S140 emission nebula and to the large volume of cold neutral hydrogen known as the GSH 139-03-69 super shell. Methods and Methodology. Observations within a 1-MHz frequency band centered at 26 MHz were performed using the UTR-2 radio telescope and a multi-channel digital correlator. The UTR-2 is still the world largest and the most sensitive low-frequency radio telescope. Results. We report the detection of decameter carbon RRL series C627α – C637α from the medium lying towards the S140 nebula. The extents of RRL forming regions have been estimated. It is suggested that RRLs in the S140 direction are formed in the local ISM lying along the line of sight. The RRL-forming region is probably associated with omnipresent diffuse neutral HI gas in the Galactic plane rather than with S140 nebula itself. Toward the GSH 139-03-69 super shell, decameter RRLs have been detected as well. Likewise, they apparently originate from the local medium lying along the sight-line. Yet, the spectrum contains a RRL component corresponding to the absorption of the cold gas of the GSH 139-03-69 itself in the ISM. Conclusions. The obtained results indicate great possibilities of decameter carbon RRLs not only for cold ISM probing but also for making a good auxiliary tool for studying large complexes of extremely cold hydrogen HI in the Galaxy

Энтропия собственности в западной и российской правовой доктрине и практике

The subject of the study is a phenomenon of an “entropy” of property, its interpretation, socio-economic conditionality, genesis of its development in European and Russian doctrine, reflection of a construct of “separated” property in the legislation. “Entropy” of property is a situation when both entities are owners, but in different areas of relations: the first person is the owner in relation to third parties, and the second-in relation to the first The goal of this scientific research is to find out reasons of the existence of phenomenon of “entropy of property” in European and Russian legal doctrines, to identify common and specific features of this phenomenon. Methodology. The authors use the general scientific method, including dialectics, comparative analysis, formal logic, historical method. A number of specific methods pertaining to the legal science were used as well: the formal dogmatic method was applied for analysis of ownership within the institute of property rights; the logical legal method was applied to study general tendencies of development of the institute of property rights; the legal comparative method was used to study European and Russian legislation on ownership and other property rights. The main scientific results. The Western legal doctrine of “entropy of property” has quite a long history of development, unlike the Russian. Specific features of the Russian doctrine are result of its historical, political and cultural characteristics. The phenomenon of “entropy of property” has both positive and negative consequences, which requires pluralistic approach to its assessment. “Reunification” of ownership rights on the land plot and other objects located on it, is a result of socio-economic and legal factors and deserves positive assessment. Property rights as elements of titular possession are not based only on law, but may be created by contract as well. Conclusions. The European and Russian legal doctrines on the “entropy of property” have both common and specific features. The common features are: existence of “absolute” ownership, limited property rights, trends of reunification of “separated” property etc. The specific features are: absence of “trust” in the Russian legal system; excessive fragmentation of right of ownership as a large “bundle” of rights; absence of situations when one person may simultaneously hold statuses of owner and holder of a limited property right in the Russian legislation.Рассматриваются концептуальное содержание категории «энтропия собственности», ее генезис от «функциональной» собственности к собственности «абсолютной» в западной и российской доктрине, влияние на формирование современной конструкции права собственности и других вещных прав, их типизацию. Анализируются теоретические тенденции к выработке подходов к обеспечению защиты вещных прав; попытки рецепции в российском правопорядке англосаксонской модели «траста»; проблемы «воссоединения» «расщепленной» собственности в правопорядках европейских стран, а также России – в контексте современного реформирования института вещных прав

Digital receivers for low-frequency radio telescopes UTR-2, URAN, GURT

This paper describes digital radio astronomical receivers used for decameter and meter wavelength observations. This paper describes digital radio astronomical receivers used for decameter and meter wavelength observations. Since 1998, digital receivers performing on-the-fly dynamic spectrum calculations or waveform data recording without data loss have been used at the UTR-2 radio telescope, the URAN VLBI system, and the GURT new generation radio telescope. Here we detail these receivers developed for operation in the strong interference environment that prevails in the decameter wavelength range. Data collected with these receivers allowed us to discover numerous radio astronomical objects and phenomena at low frequencies, a summary of which is also presented.Comment: 24 pages, 15 figure

Высокотеплопроводная карбидокремниевая керамика для крупногабаритной космической оптики

The paper describes the important aspects of the developed technology for manufacturing silicon-carbide substrates for optical mirrors intended for future use in space applications. It is shown that the material with the best combination of thermophysical and mechanical properties (Maksutov’s criterion) among the known analogs used for making astronomical mirrors is obtained. The characteristics of a mirror made of a lightweight mirror substrate with a diameter of 205 mm are described, compared with the parameters of most known mirrors made of silicon carbide for various space missions and as proto types. It is shown that the produced substrate is characterized by a rather low specific gravity – 16.5 kg/m2, which is comparable with the indicators of the best world analogues.Описаны важные аспекты разработанной технологии изготовления карбидокремниевых подложек для оптических зеркал, предназначенных для перспективного использования в космических приложениях. Показано, что получен материал с лучшим сочетанием теплофизических и механических свойств (критерий Максутова) среди известных аналогов, применяемых при создании астрономических зеркал. Описаны характеристики изготовленной из него облегченной подложки зеркала диаметром 205 мм, проведено сравнение с параметрами большинства известных зеркал, изготовленных из карбида кремния для различных космических миссий и в качестве опытных образцов. Показано, что изготовленная подложка характеризуется низкой удельной массой – 16,5 кг/м2, что сопоставимо с показателями лучших мировых аналогов

Radio recombination lines

Over the past forty years, investigations of radio recombination lines have become an effective way of studying the interstellar medium. The electron temperatures, densities, emission measures, kinematics parameters, elemental abundances and other physical characteristics of emission processes in planetary nebulae, distributed ionized gas, stellar winds, the partially-ionized interstellar medium and external galaxies are determined with the lines of hydrogen, helium, carbon, etc. This astrophysical phenomenon is unique because of the large (>1000) number of possible quantum transitions and because of the wide observable frequency range (from ~150 GHz to ~10 MHz). In this short review the main results from recombination radio line investigations are discussed. Special attention is given to the areas which have been given least attention in the literature such as the radio recombination lines of very excited carbon atoms at the extremely low-frequency (v < 30 MHz) end of the decameter wavelength range. This is important to stress in the 70-th jubilee of radio astronomy because cosmic radio emission was discovered by Karl Jansky at decameter wavelengths. Investigations of the extremely low-frequency radio recombination lines are also very interesting for the prospective LOFAR system

Legal Regulation of Economic Processes at the Macro Level

The article analyzes the legal regulation of the economy at the structural level. Economists usually ignore the impact of law on macroeconomic processes. The main attention is paid to the study of the legal regulation of economic relations at the level of macroeconomics, as well as its primary links enterprises, organizations, etc. In particular, the legal regulation of several sublevels of the economy is singled out and considered: reproductive, sectoral (intersectoral), regional (interregional). It is concluded that the system of economic management is constantly undergoing changes under the influence of various factors of an objective and subjective nature, an important place among which is occupied by legal means and methods. The ideas put forward by R. Coase need to be reconsidered, considering new economic realities. Recommendations are made aimed at strengthening the role of the contract in economic management, improving legislation, and eliminating excessive administration of the activities of economic entities