6,791 research outputs found
Assessing osteoporosis in the young adult
Osteoporosis in the young adult is a relatively rare phenomenon, and its diagnosis needs careful assessment of the affected person. The emphasis in the assessment of bone health is gradually shifting from a simple quantitative assessment of bone mineral density to one that includes bone quality. This may be particularly important in the young adult, where the aetiological cause of osteoporosis may be a primary genetic condition or secondary to another chronic condition
The Failure of Soviet Orphan Policies, 1918-1939
The soviet government is the first in the world that proclaimed to transform orphans. The essay will compare the soviet experiment in two distinct periods: period from 1917 to 1926 and the period under Stalin in the 1930s. The first period has produced large war orphans but Soviet government has made enormous effort to accommodate them. However, the Stalinās reign under the 1930s has failed the experiment as children and orphans become victims of Stalinās Terror
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Review of California Wildfire Evacuations from 2017 to 2019
Between 2017 and 2019, California experienced a series of devastating wildfires that together led over one million people to be ordered to evacuate. Due to the speed of many of these wildfires, residents across California found themselves in challenging evacuation situations, often at night and with little time to escape. These evacuations placed considerable stress on public resources and infrastructure for both transportation and sheltering. In the face of these clear challenges, transportation and emergency management agencies across California have widely varying levels of preparedness for major disasters, and nearly all agencies do not have the public resources to adequately and swiftly evacuate all populations in danger. To holistically address these challenges and bolster current disaster and evacuation planning, preparedness, and response in California, we summarize the evacuations of eleven major wildfires in California between 2017 and 2019 and offer a cross-comparison to highlight key similarities and differences. We present results of new empirical data we collected via an online survey of individuals impacted by: 1) the 2017 October Northern California Wildfires (n=79), 2) the 2017 December Southern California Wildfires (n=226), and 3) the 2018 Carr Wildfire (n=284). These data reveal the decision-making of individuals in these wildfires including choices related to evacuating or staying, departure timing, route, sheltering, destination, transportation mode, and reentry timing. We also present results related to communication and messaging, non-evacuee behavior, and opinion of government response. Using the summarized case studies and empirical evidence, we present a series of recommendations for agencies to prepare for, respond to, and recover from wildfires
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Role of Trust and Compassion in Willingness to Share Mobility and Sheltering Resources in Evacuations: A Case Study of the 2017 and 2018 California Wildfires
On translating technology research into industrial applications
Using personal cases he previously experienced, Prof Wong will share with colleagues the influence of environments and market forces that drive the applied technology research into practice. The speech will be delivered in an informal, interactive format, rather than didactic
Influence of rehydration on short-term recovery from prolonged running and subsequent exercise capacity in humans
The aim of this research was to investigate the influence of rehydration with carbohydrate-electrolyte
solutions, during a short-tern recovery period, on hydration status, physiological responses, and
subsequent endurance capacity.
The first study (Chapter 4) examined whether prescribed or ad libitum rehydration with a
carbohydrate-electrolyte solution (CHO-E), during 4 h recovery from prolonged, submaximal running
would influence the subsequent endurance capacity. Five women and two men performed the
"recovery" protocol consisting of a 90 min run at 70%VO2 max on a level treadmill (TI) followed by
4 h rehydration-recovery (REC), and then an open-ended run to exhaustion at 70%VD2 max (1'2) as a
measure of their endurance capacity, on two occasions, at least 7 days apart. During the REC, subjects
were allowed to drink a 6.9% CHO-E ad libitum (AL) on one occasion. On the other occasion, the
volume of the same fluid was prescribed (PI) from calculations of the body mass lost during TI.
During T2, in the PI trial, the run time to exhaustion was 16% longer (P < 0.05) than during T2 in the
AL nial (69.9 Ā± 9.1 vs. 60.2 Ā± 10.2 min). Thus, ingestion of a prescribed volume of CHO-E after
prolonged exercise, calculated to replace the body fluid losses, restored endurance capacity to a greater
extent than ad libitum rehydration during the REC.
The second study (Chapter 5) investigated the influence of ingesting 50 g of carbohydrate (CHO)
immediately after exercise, either with subsequent serial CHO feeding or water ingestion during the
REC from prolonged, submaximal running on rehydration and subsequent endurance capacity. Eight
male subjects performed the "recovery" protocol [i.e. 90 min run at 70% V02 max (TI), 4 h
rehydration-recovery (REC), and open-ended run at 70% V02 max (T2)] on two occasions. During the
REC, subjects ingested a prescribed volume of fluid equal to the body mass lost during TI in both
conditions. Subjects ingested 50 g of CHO from a 6.9% CHO-E 15 min after TI on both occasions as
their first prescribed fluid intake. Thereafter, subjects drank either the same solution (CE) or water CW)
at each hour after TI during the REC. During T2, the run time to exhaustion was 54.2 Ā± 9.2 min in the
CE trial and 52.2 Ā± 6.2 min in the W trial, respectively (NS). The volume of fluid retained expressed as
a percentage of the volume ingested (% rehydration) during the CE trial was greater than that of the W
trial (CE: 73.5 Ā± 4.2% vs. W: 63.0 Ā± 5.7%; P < 0.05). Serial CHO feeding during the REC was
associated with increased CHO oxidation and suppressed fat oxidation during subsequent exercise.
Thus, ingesting -150 g of CHO in a 6.9% CHO-E over a 4 h period following prolonged running is
more effective in terms of rehydration compared to the same volume of fluid containing only 50 g of
CHO and water, but does not have a greater effect on subsequent endurance capacity.
The third study (Chapter 6) investigated the effects of rehydration per se and CHO ingestion, during
the REC, on subsequent endurance capacity. Nine male subjects performed the "recovery" protocol on
two occasions. During the REC, subjects drank either a 6.9% CHO-E (CE) or a CHO-free sweetened
placebo (PL) every 30 min after Tl up to the beginning of the 4 h of the REC. Volumes prescribed
(ml) were equal to 200% of the body mass lost during Tl. However, the total volume of fluid ingested
during the REC was only 170.8 Ā± 12.6% and 172.6 Ā± 13.8% of the body mass lost after Tl (NS).
During T2, in the CE trial, the run time to exhaustion was 54% longer (P < 0.01) than during T2 in the
PL trial (69.3 Ā± 5.5 vs. 45.0 Ā± 4.2 min). After the REC, subjects were in positive fluid balance by 423 Ā±
215 ml in the CE trial and 446 Ā± 239 ml in the PL trial (NS). Thus, positive fluid balance can be
achieved by ingesting a prescribed volume of either a 6.9% CHO-E or a placebo solution over the
REC, calculated to replace approximately 170% of the body fluid loss. Despite this similar hydration
status after the recovery in both conditions, ingesting a CHO-E is more effective in restoring endurance
capacity compared to the same volume of placebo solution.
The fourth study (Chapter 7) was intended to examine, and verify, the effects of ingesting different
amounts of CHO in the form of a CHO-E during the REC on rehydration and subsequent endurance
capacity. Nine male subjects performed the "recovery" protocol on two occasions. During the REC, a
fixed volume of fluid equivalent to 150% of the body mass lost during Tl was consumed. Subjects
ingested 50 g of CHO from a 6.5% CHO-E 30 min after Tl on both occasions as their first prescribed
fluid intake. Thereafter, subjects ingested either the same solution (CE) or a CHO-free sweetened
placebo (PL) every 30 min up to the beginning of the 4 h of the REC. During T2, the run times were
56.9 Ā± 8.1 min in the CE trial and 65.4 Ā± 7.8 min in the PL trial (NS). After the REC, subjects were
almost equally euhydrated (CE: 0 Ā± 184 ml; PL: -27 Ā± 120 ml) in both conditions (NS). Serial CHO
feeding over the REC was accompanied by enhanced CHO oxidation and suppressed fat oxidation. In
conclusion, ingesting a placebo solution containing 50 g of CHO and placebo over a 4 h period
following prolonged running, calculated to replace 150% of the body fluid loss, is equally effective in
achieving approximate euhydration and restoring endurance capacity compared to the same volume of
CHO-E containing -167 g of CHO.
The studies reported in this thesis suggest that in order to achieve euhydration during recovery, a
volume of fluid substantially larger (~ 150%) than that lost must be ingested. The provision of
additional CHO (-150 to 170 g) would be expected to restore the body's CHO stores to a greater extent
than a smaller amount of CHO (50 g) during the REC and, thereby, improve the subsequent endurance
capacity. However, this was not the case. It appears that the ingestion of large amounts of CHO, during
the REC, resulted in disturbances in fat and CHO metabolism which prevented an improvement in
endurance capacity during T2, after consumption of the additional CHO
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