Методологія визначення оптимальних технологічних параметрів транспортної інфраструктури при обслуговуванні зернових вантажопотоків

Комплексно проаналізовано на прикладі функціонування багатоканальної динамічної системи з кінцевим числом степенів свободи можливість покращення економічних показників транспортної системи при узгодженні інфраструктурних параметрів для обслуговування підприємств елеваторно-складського господарства. Охарактеризована залежність числового значення логістичних витрат в системі з двома вузлами обслуговування.Комплексно проанализирована на примере функционирования многоканальной динамической системы с конечным числом степеней свободы возможность улучшения экономических показателей транспортной системы при согласовании инфраструктурных параметров для обслуживания предприятий элеваторно-складского хазяйства. Охарактеризована зависимость числового значения логистических расходов в системе с двумя узлами обслуживания.In possibility of improving the economic indicators of a transport system is fully analyzed in the concordance of infrastructural parameters for maintenance of elevator-store enterprises with using, as an example, functioning of a multichannel dynamic system with the finite number of degrees of freedom. The numerical value of logistic charges for the system with two knots is described

Undecaphenylcorroles

A first major study of undecaphenylcorrole (UPC) derivatives is presented. Three different Cu-UPC derivatives with different para substituents X (X = CF₃, H, CH₃) on the β-aryl groups were synthesized via Suzuki–Miyaura coupling of Cu­[Br₈TPC] and the appropriate arylboronic acid. A single-crystal X-ray structure of the X = CF₃ complex revealed a distinctly saddled macrocycle conformation with adjacent pyrrole rings tilted by ∼60–66° relative to one another (within the dipyrromethane units), which is somewhat higher than that observed for β-unsubstituted Cu-TPC derivatives but slightly lower than that observed for Cu­[Br₈TPC] (∼70°) derivatives. Electrochemical and electronic absorption measurements afforded some of the first comparative insights into meso versus β substituent effects on the copper corrole core. The Soret maxima of the Cu-UPC complexes (∼440–445 nm), however, are comparable to those of Cu­[Br₈TPC] derivatives and are considerably red-shifted relative to Cu-TPC derivatives. Para substituents on the β-phenyl groups were found to tune the redox potentials of copper corroles more effectively than those on <i>meso</i>-phenyl substituents, a somewhat surprising observation given that neither the HOMO nor LUMO has significant amplitudes at the β-pyrrolic positions

Undecaphenylcorroles

A first major study of undecaphenylcorrole (UPC) derivatives is presented. Three different Cu-UPC derivatives with different para substituents X (X = CF₃, H, CH₃) on the β-aryl groups were synthesized via Suzuki–Miyaura coupling of Cu­[Br₈TPC] and the appropriate arylboronic acid. A single-crystal X-ray structure of the X = CF₃ complex revealed a distinctly saddled macrocycle conformation with adjacent pyrrole rings tilted by ∼60–66° relative to one another (within the dipyrromethane units), which is somewhat higher than that observed for β-unsubstituted Cu-TPC derivatives but slightly lower than that observed for Cu­[Br₈TPC] (∼70°) derivatives. Electrochemical and electronic absorption measurements afforded some of the first comparative insights into meso versus β substituent effects on the copper corrole core. The Soret maxima of the Cu-UPC complexes (∼440–445 nm), however, are comparable to those of Cu­[Br₈TPC] derivatives and are considerably red-shifted relative to Cu-TPC derivatives. Para substituents on the β-phenyl groups were found to tune the redox potentials of copper corroles more effectively than those on <i>meso</i>-phenyl substituents, a somewhat surprising observation given that neither the HOMO nor LUMO has significant amplitudes at the β-pyrrolic positions

Atomic Force Spectroscopy Using Colloidal Tips Functionalized with Dried Crude Oil: A Versatile Tool to Investigate Oil–Mineral Interactions

The recovery efficiency of water flooding (water injection in oil reservoirs to recover oil) can be improved by modification of the ionic composition of the brine. This effect is attributed to changes in the physicochemical interactions within in the crude oil–brine–rock (COBR) system. To systematically modify these interactions, gain predictive capability, and optimize recovery efficiency, further understanding of these systems is required. Our work introduces a new tool to facilitate the study of interactions in such ternary systems. Utilizing atomic force spectroscopy, we developed a custom dried oil-coated probe which directly measures the interactions between crude oil and a mineral substrate in a varying aqueous environment at their natural length scale. In most of the previous studies, COBR interactions were studied by using model systems wherein crude oil was represented by organic acids, for instance, which is a significant simplification of natural systems that may be unwarranted. In this study, we measured the interaction forces between mineral surfaces and actual crude oils. The experiments allow us to systematically test the effect of brine composition on the forces between mineral surfaces and crude oil components in all their complexity under realistic reservoir conditions. Our results illustrate the reproducibility of measurements made using this custom tool by using multiple probes to show salinity-dependent repulsive interactions between the oil coating and a mica substrate. These electrostatic interactions are consistent with trends expected by the Debye–Hückel theory, showing a decrease in repulsive forces as a function of increasing monovalent ion concentration. Adherence to this expected trend provides insight into the COBR interactions in a particular oil reservoir with particular oil, brine, and mineral compositions. Additionally, the presence of electrostatic forces suggests that the dried crude oil coating retains surface charge throughout the drying procedure. Therefore, this tool has the potential to represent or approximate the electrostatic interactions of the original liquid crude oil system during the study of COBR interactions