The aerodynamic effects of VHBR engine installation to the Common Research Model

This work describes the assessment of the effect of engine installation parameters such as engine position, size and power setting on the performance of a typical 300 seater aircraft at cruise condition. Two engines with very-high by-pass ratio and with different fan diameters and specific thrusts are initially simulated in isolation to determine the thrust and drag forces for an isolated configuration. The two engines are then assessed in an engine-airframe configuration to determine the sensitivity of the overall installation penalty to the vertical and axial engine location. The breakdown of the interference force is investigated to determine the aerodynamic origins of beneficial or penalising forces. To complete the cruise study a range of engine power settings were considered to determine the installation penalty at different phases of cruise. This work concludes with the preliminary assessment of cruise fuel burn for two engines. For the baseline engine, across the range of installed positions the resultant thrust requirement varied by 1.7% of standard net thrust. The larger engine was less sensitive with a variation of 1.3%. For an assessment over a 10000km cruise flight the overall effect of the lower specific thrust engine showed that the cycle benefits of –5.8% in specific fuel consumption was supplemented by a relatively beneficial aerodynamic installation effect but offset by the additional weight to give a -4.8% fuel burn reduction

Suitability of soils developed on the basis of black coal ash as a forest habitat

The aim of the study was to evaluate the usefulness as a forest habitat, the technogenic soils developed by applying overlays containing organic matter in the waste substances, onto the layer of black coal ash. Properties of these soils, located in the power plant “Dolna Odra” in Nowe Czarnowo (West-Pomeranian province), were studied in 2015, i.e. 13 years after founding the experiment upon the use of waste materials in soilless land reclamation. Analysis required samples from the ash overlays and bottoms of the soils, in which applying methods commonly used in soil science, following properties were determined to enable calculation of the indicators used in the evaluation: forest soil trophism index (FSTI), soil site index (SSI), and mine soil quality index (MSQI). Values of FSTI allowed for classify studied soils as forest habitats, values of SSI as mixed forests and forest habitats, and values of MSQI as mixed forest habitats

The aerodynamic effects of VHBR engine installation to the Common Research Model

This work describes the assessment of the effect of engine installation parameters such as engine position, size and power setting on the performance of a typical 300 seater aircraft at cruise condition. Two engines with very-high by-pass ratio and with different fan diameters and specific thrusts are initially simulated in isolation to determine the thrust and drag forces for an isolated configuration. The two engines are then assessed in an engine-airframe configuration to determine the sensitivity of the overall installation penalty to the vertical and axial engine location. The breakdown of the interference force is investigated to determine the aerodynamic origins of beneficial or penalising forces. To complete the cruise study a range of engine power settings were considered to determine the installation penalty at different phases of cruise. This work concludes with the preliminary assessment of cruise fuel burn for two engines. For the baseline engine, across the range of installed positions the resultant thrust requirement varied by 1.7% of standard net thrust. The larger engine was less sensitive with a variation of 1.3%. For an assessment over a 10000km cruise flight the overall effect of the lower specific thrust engine showed that the cycle benefits of –5.8% in specific fuel consumption was supplemented by a relatively beneficial aerodynamic installation effect but offset by the additional weight to give a -4.8% fuel burn reduction

Aerodynamic effects of propulsion integration for high bypass ratio engines

This work describes the assessment of the effect of engine installation parameters such as engine position, size, and power setting on the performance of a typical 300-seater aircraft at cruise condition. Two engines with very high bypass ratio and with different fan diameters and specific thrusts are initially simulated in isolation to determine the thrust and drag forces for an isolated configuration. The two engines are then assessed in an engine–airframe configuration to determine the sensitivity of the overall installation penalty to the vertical and axial engine location. The breakdown of the interference force is investigated to determine the aerodynamic origins of beneficial or penalizing forces. To complete the cruise study, a range of engine power settings is considered to determine the installation penalty at different phases of cruise. This work concludes with the preliminary assessment of cruise fuel burn for two engines. For the baseline engine, across the range of installed positions, the resultant thrust requirement varies by 1.7% of standard net thrust. The larger engine is less sensitive with a variation of 1.3%. For an assessment over a 10,000 km cruise flight, the overall effect of the lower specific thrust engine shows that the cycle benefits of −5.8% −5.8% in specific fuel consumption are supplemented by a relatively beneficial aerodynamic installation effect but offset by the additional weight to give a −4.8% −4.8% fuel-burn reduction

HEVC encoding assisted with noise reduction

Optimization of encoding process in video compression is an important research problem, especially in the case of modern, sophisticated compression technologies. In this paper, we consider HEVC, for which a novel method for selecting of the encoding modes is proposed. By the encoding modes we mean e.g. coding block structure, prediction types and motion vectors. The proposed selection is done basing on noise-reduced version of the input sequence, while the information about the video itself, e.g. transform coefficients, is coded basing on the unaltered input. The proposed method involves encoding of two versions of the input sequence, further, we show realization proving that the complexity is only negligibly higher than complexity of a single encoding. The proposal has been implemented in HEVC reference software from MPEG and tested experimentally. The results show that the proposal provides up to 1.5% bitrate reduction while preserving the same quality of a decoded video

Plant communities in the lysimeter experiment of ash reclamation in the Dolna Odra Power Station in Nowe Czarnowo (Poland)

The aim of the study was to determine the type and origin of plant communities on an area of 4 lysimeters (35 m2 each) filed with ash and covered with two superlayers 12 years after the beginning of the experience. The paper presents the species of grasses sown in 2003, their sward participation then and the flrist status in 2015. Phytosociological records were taken using the Braun-Blanquet’s method, distinguished plant communities, the syngenesis of the recognized phytocoenoses was defied. The results allowed to determine the advantage of the ruderal synanthropic communities: Artemisio-Tanacetetum vulgaris Br-Bl. 1931 corr. 1949 (in L-2), Leonuro Ballotetum nigrae (in L-3), a community with Rubus caesius (in L-4) over the natural auxochoric Calamagrostietum epigeji Juraszek 1928 (in L-1). Their current state is referred to as a hull form. However, due to the presence of the expansive species characteristic of the above-mentioned communities, continued development can be expected towards fully developed phytocoenoses. The thesis founded about the inflence of the neighboring forest communities on the species composition of the vegetation of the subject has not been confimed. There were only three forest and scrub species with a negligible sward participation

Video quality in AVC homogenous transcoding

Abstract-In this paper the results obtained for homogenous Cascaded Pixel Domain Transcoder of AVC bitstreams are reported in order to show the expected transcoding efficiency gain/loss. A wide set of test video sequences has been used in experiments and in total 19200 bitstreams have been encoded and examined. It has been proved that there is a universal dependency between the quality, defined as PSNR and bitstream reduction. PSNR is described as the difference between quality of the transcoded material and the original material that could potentially be encoded at the same bitrate as the transcoded one

Design optimisation of separate-jet exhausts for the next generation of civil aero-engines

This paper presents the development and application of a computational framework for the aerodynamic design of separate-jet exhaust systems for Very-High-Bypass-Ratio (VHBR) gas-turbine aero-engines. An analytical approach is synthesised comprising a series of fundamental modelling methods. These address the aspects of engine performance simulation, parametric geometry definition, viscous/compressible flow solution, design space exploration, and genetic optimisation. Parametric design is carried out based on minimal user-input combined with the cycle data established using a zero-dimensional (0D) engine analysis method. A mathematical approach is developed based on Class-Shape Transformation (CST) functions for the parametric geometry definition of gas-turbine exhaust components such as annular ducts, nozzles, after-bodies, and plugs. This proposed geometry formulation is coupled with an automated mesh generation approach and a Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) flow-field solution method, thus forming an integrated aerodynamic design tool. A cost-e ective Design Space Exploration (DSE) and optimisation strategy has been structured comprising methods for Design of Experiment (DOE), Response Surface Modelling (RSM), as well as genetic optimisation. The integrated framework has been deployed to optimise the aerodynamic performance of a separate-jet exhaust system for a large civil turbofan engine representative of future architectures. The optimisations carried out suggest the potential to increase the engine’s net propulsive force compared to a baseline architecture, through optimum re-design of the exhaust system. Furthermore, the developed approach is shown to be able to identify and alleviate adverse flow-features that may deteriorate the aerodynamic behaviour of the exhaust system