Hypogene Calcitization: Evaporite Diagenesis in the Western Delaware Basin

Evaporite calcitization within the Castile Formation of the Delaware Basin is more widespread and diverse than originally recognized. Coupled field and GIS studies have identified more than 1000 individual occurrences of calcitization within the Castile Formation outcrop area, which includes both calcitized masses (limestone buttes) and laterally extensive calcitized horizons (limestone sheets). Both limestone buttes and sheets commonly contain a central brecciated zone that we attribute to hypogene dissolution. Lithologic fabric of calcitized zones ranges from little alteration of original varved laminae to fabrics showing extensive laminae distortion as well as extensive vuggy and open cavernous porosity. Calcitization is most abundant in the western portion of the Castile outcrop region where surface denudation has been greatest. Calcitization often forms linear trends, indicating fluid migration along fractures, but also occurs as dense clusters indicating focused, ascending, hydrocarbon-rich fluids. Native sulfur, secondary tabular gypsum (i.e. selenite) and hypogene caves are commonly associated with clusters of calcitization. This assemblage suggests that calcium sulfate diagenesis within the Castile Formation is dominated by hypogene speleogemesis

Non Linear Current Response of a Many-Level Tunneling System: Higher Harmonics Generation

The fully nonlinear response of a many-level tunneling system to a strong alternating field of high frequency $\omega$ is studied in terms of the Schwinger-Keldysh nonequilibrium Green functions. The nonlinear time dependent tunneling current $I(t)$ is calculated exactly and its resonance structure is elucidated. In particular, it is shown that under certain reasonable conditions on the physical parameters, the Fourier component $I_{n}$ is sharply peaked at $n=\frac {\Delta E} {\hbar \omega}$, where $\Delta E$ is the spacing between two levels. This frequency multiplication results from the highly nonlinear process of $n$ photon absorption (or emission) by the tunneling system. It is also conjectured that this effect (which so far is studied mainly in the context of nonlinear optics) might be experimentally feasible.Comment: 28 pages, LaTex, 7 figures are available upon request from [email protected], submitted to Phys.Rev.

O pH e a temperatura na produção de biogás a partir de casca de arroz Effect of ph and temperature on biogas production from rice hulls

Cascas de arroz foram estudadas para exame do seu potencial na produção de bíogás na Seção de Fitoquímica. O material foi tratado previamente com 5, 10 e 15% de NaoH p/p e incubado nos níveis de 40 e 60º C de temperatura. Os resultados mostraram que casca de arroz não foi bom material para produzir metano e que a produção de gases aumentou com a temperatura e a concentração de álcali até 10%.<br>Rica hulls were studied in order to examine their potential for biogas production. The material was previously treated with 5, 10 and 15% NaOH W/W and incubated at temperatures of 40 and 60º C. Results showed that rice hulls were not good for methane production, but the total production of gases increased with temperatura and alcali concentration up to 10%