Trauma y autodestrucción psicológica: Una visión general del exasperante desequilibrio emocional en El ídolo invisible de la luz de K R Meera

The present article discusses trauma and its impact on human emotions, particularly on women, in literature, with a focus on K R Meera's novel, The Unseeing Idol of Light. The research paper highlights the rise of trauma theory in literature and explores the cultural and psychological influence of trauma in literature. It also analyses the characters in the novel through the lens of emotional imbalance and interdependency and examines the interrelation between vision, love, and trauma. The prevalence of negative emotions over positive emotions in the novel has been discussed. The paper emphasises the importance of mental stability in contemporary society and discusses various themes such as psychic changes, loss, longing, and transformation. The researcher aims to analyse and relate the selected work with critical thinking to shed light on the cultural and psychological impressions of literature.El presente artículo analiza el trauma y su impacto en las emociones humanas, particularmente en las mujeres, en la literatura, con un enfoque en la novela de K R Meera, The Unseeing Idol of Light. El artículo de investigación destaca el surgimiento de la teoría del trauma en la literatura y explora la influencia cultural y psicológica del trauma en la literatura. También analiza los personajes de la novela a través de la lente del desequilibrio emocional y la interdependencia, y examina la interrelación entre la visión, el amor y el trauma. También se discute la prevalencia de las emociones negativas sobre las emociones positivas en la novela. El documento enfatiza la importancia de la estabilidad mental en la sociedad contemporánea y discute varios temas como los cambios psíquicos, la pérdida, el anhelo y la transformación. El investigador tiene como objetivo analizar y relacionar la obra seleccionada con el pensamiento crítico para arrojar luz sobre las impresiones culturales y psicológicas de la literatura

Expression of ER, PR, KI 67 and CA125 in Ovarian Surface Epithelial Tumors with reference to TNM Staging of the Disease

INTRODUCTION: Ovarian cancer is the 6th most common cancer worldwide. Most of the tumors are epithelial in origin. Ovarian surface epithelial tumor cells are characterized by increased expression of steroid hormone receptors (ER&PR), CA125 and show high proliferative activity. 80% of patients with epithelial ovarian cancer have elevated serum CA125 levels at diagnosis. AIM OF THE STUDY: To study the immunohistochemical profile of ER, PR, CA 125, Ki67 and serum CA125 in surface epithelial ovarian tumors according to their corresponding TNM staging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included 61 patients diagnosed clinically, radiologically and histopathologically as having ovarian tumors. Pre –operative blood samples were collected and assessed for serum values of CA 125. Their corresponding tissue samples were also collected and subjected to histopathological & immunohistochemical studies ( ER, PR, Ki67 and CA125). RESULTS: Out of 61 cases, ER, PR expression was more in benign tumors (39.34% & 31.14%) and in stage IA tumors (45.90% & 39.34%). Higher expression of Ki 67 and tissue CA 125 was also observed in benign tumors (14.75% & 44.26%) and in stage IA tumors (21.31% & 50.81%). 29 patients (48%) showed higher values of serum CA125 and 19 among them showed higher expression of tissue CA125. CONCLUSION: Hence this study concludes that higher expression of ER, PR, CA 125 and Ki 67 is observed in stage I tumors whereas negativity is observed more in stage III- IV tumors. Also elevated serum CA125 values correlates with higher expression of tissue CA125

ANXIETY, DEPRESSION, AND SELF-CARE MANAGEMENT AMONG PATIENTS WITH HYPOTHYROIDISM.

 Objective: The objective of the study was to assess anxiety, depression, and self-care management among patients with hypothyroidism.Methods: A qualitative descriptive study was done among 65 patients who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism, and the data were collected using structured questionnaire to know about self-care management of hypothyroidism and standardized tool (Hamilton rating scale) for assessing anxiety and depression.Results: The result showed that among 65 subjects, 30 (46.2%) had good self-care management, only 1 (1%) had excellent self-care management, 46.1% had severe anxiety, whereas 4.6% subjects had severe depression. There was a positive association between anxiety and depression with self-care management.Conclusion: Hypothyroidism is now becoming more prevalent in the Indian population. From the results of the study, it is obvious that patients with hypothyroidism are at increased risk of anxiety and depression. Self-care management decreases with an increase in anxiety and depression. Hence, proper management is necessary to reduce the deleterious effect of hypothyroidism on physical as well as mental health

Enhancement of Wound Healing activity of Papain Urea Film Forming Hydrogel using Chitosan

The film-forming hydrogel (FFH) is a hydrogel dosage form which transform from the hydrogel to film-type by solvent evaporation after application to the wound site. Over time, the film erodes and is spontaneously removed. Such a film-forming gel shares many protective advantages with the skin barrier itself (e.g., confers protection to the treatment site from environmental threats and is resistant to washout), but also possesses distinct advantages of a gel (e.g., easy application and good adhesiveness to treatment sites). Compared with wound dressing forms, it offers easier use and application, and simpler manufacture. The FFH system can be freely applied to any wound site, even though the wound is curved and shaped. Furthermore, the FFH system was hardly attempted to be developed as a pharmaceutical product for wound healing. The λ max of Papain was found to be 277.4nm in phosphate buffer pH 7.4. Papain obeys Beer’s law within concentration 10- 60μg/ml FTIR studies showed that there was no interaction between drugs and excipients The film forming hydrogel was prepared by simple agitation method using different concentration of polymer. The Pre formulation parameters were within the required limit, indicating suitable to formulate film forming hydrogel The Post formulation parameters such pH, viscosity, spreadability, homogeneity, extrudability, drug content, drying time of all the formulation was within the acceptable limits. F6 formulation was selected as the best formulation based on in vitro release studies. The extent of drug release was found to be 98.19% in 12 hours. The drug release follows zero order, non fickian diffusion mechanism. Cell cytotoxicity study was done in optimized formulation. This assay was helped in dose fixation for in vitro wound healing activity. It shows cell viability >50% in concentration 10- 500μg/ml, indicating presence of non skin irritants. In vitro wound healing activity was evaluated in Vero cell lines and the formulation enhanced the wound closure in Vero cells. Optimized formulation showed controlled release profile than the marketed conventional formulation. There was no significant change before and after stability study. CONCLUSION: For controlled drug delivery, a topical route is the most popular and successful route. The goal of this work is to develop Papain urea containing film-forming gel for prolonged release based on topical delivery and to treat wound healing in a short duration of time. Film forming gels also proves to be an efficient dosage method for the topical delivery of wound healing. It also stays adhered to the affected portion for a longer time without being rubbed off. It offers prolonged effect than conventional dosage forms, and also there is no need for regular re- application. Since the formulation is prepared with a drug and also the polymer having wound healing effects, the wound healing efficiency will be in higher rate. The prepared topical drug delivery system of Papain urea using chitosan as a polymer was a gel before administration, and forms film after application. The idea will change the therapy of different diseases and provide young researchers and scientists with a broad platform in the field of film forming gel

Feto-maternal outcome in patients with couvelaire uterus: a 3 year study in a tertiary care hospital in rural Karnataka, India

Background: Couvelaire uterus also known as uteroplacental apoplexy is a life threatening condition where abruptio placenta causes bleeding that penetrates into the uterine myometrium. It can only be diagnosed on direct visualization. Therefore, its occurrence is perhaps under reported and underestimated in the literature. The objective of this study was to determine the risk factors for couvelaire uterus and feto-maternal outcomes associated with couvelaire uterus in comparison with patients who presented with abruption without couvelaire uterus in a tertiary care hospital in rural Karnataka.Methods: All women who had abruptio placenta who were delivered by cesarean section were included in the study. Cases were women with couvelaire uterus and controls were women without couvelaire uterus observed intraoperatively during cesarean section.Results: Patients without couvelaire uterus had significantly more vaginal bleeding (22.2% vs 75%). However, patients with couvelaire uterus had a higher incidence of PPH (66.7% vs 28.6%), need for blood transfusion (5.9±3.2 pints vs 1.6±1.8 pints), DIC (22.2% vs 14.3%), maternal mortality (5.6% vs 0) and adverse neonatal outcome.Conclusions: We conclude that patients with couvelaire uterus had an increased risk of maternal complications such as postpartum hemorrhage and disseminated intravascular coagulation which resulted in increased need for blood transfusion, prolonged hospital stay and maternal morbidity and mortality. Present study further highlights that adverse neonatal outcomes such as low birth weight, low Apgar score and neonatal death were more frequently associated with couvelaire uterus. Thus, the presence of couvelaire uterus may be considered as a severe form of abruption and such patients should be anticipated for higher incidence and risk for maternal and neonatal morbidity

A comparative evaluation of Ficus religiosa with Ficus species for its anti-inflammatory activity: a review

Herbal medicine is one of the oldest forms in medical treatment. Through various studies it was known that medicinal herbs are used for treating inflammatory disorders in traditional medicine. Inflammation is the body’s process of opposing against the foreign particles that harm it, such as infections, injuries etc. The work aims to compare the anti-inflammatory action of extracts of various Ficus species using Carrageenan induced hind paw oedema method and cotton pellet granuloma method. Literature surveys have been done to check the extent of anti-inflammatory activity on extracts of various plant parts like roots, leaves, barks, fruits etc. of Ficus species with oral administration of different doses. As a result, the leaf extract of plant Ficus religiosa have found to be greater effect compared to other Ficus species. Thus, the review may conclude that the anti-inflammatory effect of Ficus religiosa extract is more potent than other Ficus specie

An analytical study to evaluate the association between fundus fluorescein angiographic changes in diabetic maculopathy and dyslipidaemia

INTRODUCTION: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of visual disability and blindness among Diabetics. It is a major microvascular complication of diabetes and is frequently accompanied by lipid exudation. Dyslipidemia leads to the development of hard exudates and Clinically Significant Macular Edema (CSME) which interferes with vision. The elevated lipid levels are associated with endothelial dysfunction and play an important role in the pathogenesis of Diabetic Retinopathy, especially in the breakdown of blood-retinal barrier. It’s important to find an association between serum lipid profile with diabetic retinopathy and its severity. The current study was undertaken to determine the association of serum lipid profile with diabetic maculopathy, the development of hard exudates and to assess the subsequent Fundus Fluorescein Angiographic(FFA) features. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To study the relationship between Fundus Fluorescein Angiographic patterns of diabetic maculopathy and serum lipid levels. To evaluate the relationship between serum lipid levels and retinal hard exudates in patients with diabetic retinopathy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 50 patients with diabetic retinopathy attending the O.P.D of the Department of Ophthalmology of Government Rajaji Hospital Madurai for ophthalmic evaluation detected to have Diabetic Maculopathy, will be included in this study, for a study period of 6months. A detailed history will be taken. Detailed Ophthalmological examination will be done. Fundus examination with direct, indirect ophthalmoscope and slit lamp biomicroscopy with 90 D lens for grading of diabetic retinopathy and macular assessment will be done and Fundus photograph will be taken. Investigations like complete hemogram, urine examination, Biochemical tests-FBS, PPBS, HBA1C, lipid profile, serum creatinine will be recorded and ECG will be done. Medical fitness for performing the procedure will be taken. Patient will be explained about the procedure and proper written consent will be taken prior to performing Fundus Fluorescein Angiography. RESULTS: In our study, majority of the Diabetic Maculopathy patients were between the range of 50-60 years of age, with a slight male preponderance and most of the patients with a sedentary lifestyle developed dyslipidaemia. Among the 50 patients with Diabetic Maculopathy, lipid profile revealed that 19 patients had normal lipid levels and 31 were dyslipidaemic (18 with hypercholesterolemia, 4 with high LDL and 9 with high triglycerides). The FFA findings showed two main patterns (Ischemic Maculopathy indicated by large Foveal Avascular Zone and Blocked Fluorescence due to accumulation of Hard exudates). The FFA findings of Blocked fluorescence were seen more statistically significant among those dyslipidemic patients who had high cholesterol wih a p value of 0.042. But the relation between high triglycerides and high LDL to the presence of Blocked Fluorescence in FFA was not statistically significant (p value 1.00) CONCLUSION: With the advent of modernisation and westernisation among Indians, the eventual weight gain and sedentary lifestyle, the advantage of efficient glucose metabolism has been lost and the incidence of diabetes has increased. The significant association between hypercholesteremia and CSME goes in accordance with the study by Al-Bdour et al Wisconsin Epidemiological Study of Diabetic Retinopathy (WESDR) and CURES eye study. The present study underlines the role of elevated serum lipids in the onset of diabetic macular oedema and hard exudates. The analysis of the severity of hard exudates and edema in relation to lipid fractions in patients with diabetic maculopathy showed that total cholesterol was significantly higher in such patients. Hyperlipidaemia is a risk factor for the development of hard exudates in patients with diabetic maculopathy. The current treatment for diabetic retinopathy is laser photocoagulation. With the advent of systemic lipid lowering therapy over the last two decades, there may be potential for medical therapy also to control dyslipidemic in diabetics thus reducing their progression to macular edema. The present study demonstrated statistically significant correlation between diabetic maculopathy and hypercholesterolemia (p value 0.042). Thus strict lipid control can help in improving the quality of life and vision among people with type 2 diabetes who are more prone to develop Diabetic Macular Edema