The Liver Parameters In The Collagen-Induced Arthritis

The living organisms use defensive mechanisms in their struggle to keep the inner homeostasis and potect themselves from the changes induced by external factors and penetrative agents. The manifestation of these changes depends on the character, the intensity and the duration of the agents’ activity, and on the physiological characteristics of the organism (gender, age, health condition etc.). The aim of our study was to analyze, the effects of collagen-induced arthritis (that is, the autoimmune reaction and the inflammation) on some liver parameters. We determined the content of proteins, DNA and RNA. Animals with collagen-induced arthritis showed decreased relative content of proteins in liver, compared to controls. On the contrary, the relative content of DNA and RNA were increased in animals treated with collagen

Role of Kegel exercises during pregnancy and after childbirth

More than one-third of women experience unintentional (involuntary) loss of urine (urinary incontinence) in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, and about one-third leak urine in the first three months after giving birth. Urinary incontinence (UI) increases during pregnancy and continues into the postpartum period. Continued UI impacts women's comfort and affects aspects of their everyday lives. Kegel exercises, also known as Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) is commonly recommended by health professionals during pregnancy and after birth to prevent and treat incontinence. The muscles are strengthened and kept strong with regular PFMT. Muscles are contracted several times in a row, more than once a day, several days a week and continued indefinitely. The aim of this study is to describe the severity of UI and to determine the effect of practicing Kegel exercises during pregnancy and postpartum

Effects of hyperthermic stress in different developmental stages in white rat on the table

High environmental temperature of 40 0С, applied in different developmental stages in White laboratory rat, is a stress on the body that load the adrenal glands. In terms of hypotermic stress adrenal glands work faster, producing increased amounts of adrenaline , noradrenaline and cortisol. In terms of long-term stress, and load of the glands are entering a phase of temporary hypofunction . If they are healthy, they hypertrophied trying to compensate for the reduced release of hormones. During a long and exhausting stress comes to chronic hypofunction of the adrenal glands

Meaning of HbA1c in the diagnosis and screening of Diabetes Mellitus

The main functional protein of erythrocytes is hemoglobin, which is not normally found in plasma, but during hemolysis, erythrocytes break down, it comes out of them and binds to the haptaglobin protein. Hemoglobin is a chromoprotein found in erythrocytes and carries out the transport of oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and the transport of carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs. These gases are loosely bound to the iron in the composition of heme as the non-protein component of hemoglobin, which also contains the protein component globin. In erythrocytes, there is also hemoglobin A1c in a certain amount, which is formed through non-enzymatic glycolysis of valine residues from the N-terminal end of the β-chain of hemoglobin A. It is created in pathological cases when the glucose in the blood has high concentrations, that is, the excess of glucose binds to the hemoglobin. Glycosylated HbA1c is of great importance for monitoring treatment and therapy in patients with diabetes mellitus, because its concentration is proportional to the concentration of glucose and in the long term, within three months, because HbA1c does not break down and remains present in the blood until erythrocytes are destroyed. The purpose of the research is to prove the significance of determining the concentration of HbA1c in monitoring diabetes mellitus and keeping it under control. This is the most reliable method for detecting poor metabolic regulation of diabetes, especially in cases where it remains undetected for a long time, and blood glucose is tested once every 2–3 months. The trials were conducted in young female patients aged 25 to 35 years with previously confirmed hyperglycemia. The patients were divided into three groups, a control group of patients with a normal level of glycemia in the circulation (n=30), a group of patients with diagnosed hyperglycemia (n=30), a group of patients treated with therapy to reduce the level of glycemia in the blood with Glucophage, which acts on the basis of dopamine (n=30). HbA1c is determined by an immunochemical inhibitory method that uses two reagents, one of which contains mouse antibodies to HbA1c applied to latex particles. The second reagent contains parts of HbA1c as antigens applied to agglutinators. The measurements were performed on an automated biochemical analyzer ARCHITECT 4000. The obtained results showed that patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus have significantly increased results for the concentration of glycemia compared to patients from the control group whose results are within normal glucose values. The group of patients treated with therapy to reduce the level of glucose in the blood, that is, with Glucophage, have evidently reduced values for the level of glucose to a level close to the control group. There is a visible effect of Glucophage therapy in reducing the concentration of glucose in the blood. The drug reduces the concentration of glucose in the blood to normal values, that is, it regulates the level of sugar in the blood in such a way that it reduces the breakdown of glycogen from the liver to glucose, and increases the use of glucose in muscle cells. With the application of antidiabetic therapy with Glucophage, the negative effect of hyperglycemia is removed. In conditions of hyperglycemia, the concentration of glucose significantly increases compared to the control group, and in the treated group of patients, the level of glucose significantly decreases to values close to the control group of patients

Corelation between colagen induced arthritis and RF in white laboratory rat

Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic disease, which in clinical practice is defined as a long-term illness that can withdraw at certain times, but persists and reappears. There is no cure for RA, and the goal is to keep the disease under control, alleviate symptoms, and lead a more productive life for patients. A serious problem is pain in the small joints of the hands where redness, swelling, limited mobility and increased temperature in the affected joints are the main symptoms. If the disease is in a more severe form, fever and general weakness appears. Particularly problematic are rheumatic heart diseases of an acute or chronic nature, such as rheumatic fever, which causes lesions of the heart valves, insufficiency and inflammation of the myocardium and pericardium. RA is mainly defined as an autoimmune disease, in addition to which three quarters of RA patients have autoimmune problems. It is characteristic that in the polyarticular form of juvenile idiopathic arthritis the value of RF is constantly high. Several authors state that the presence of RF is not exclusively specific to RA. RFs are autoantibodies, mainly of the IgM type that are directed against the Fc fragments of IgG. As an animal model in the tests, we used white laboratory rats, of both sexes, aged about two months, kept in standard conditions with food and water regime ad libitum and the ambient temperature of stay 20 °C, with a light regime of 12:12 hours. The animals were divided into four groups: control of 20 males, control of 20 females, collagen type-II treated male group of 30 animals and treated female group of 30 animals. We applied the prepared colleague according to a standardized protocol in the back right wrist of the rats. A 0.1 ml collagen solution was given with 0.02 ml saline. We took 1 ml of blood for analysis, and after it coagulated, we centrifuged the tubes and decanted the serum into eppendorf tubes for analysis. The principle of the method is based on the RF-latex immune reaction between the RF and the analog antibodies with which the latex particles are coated, between which there is a reaction and the creation of a precipitate. Analyzes were performed on the Mini NEF TM Duinding Fait instrument. The results obtained according to the method used to determine the value for RF show that in all groups, in both genders and in both test periods, there are negative values for RF. According to this analysis method, any result obtained with a value lower than 30,380 IU/ml is taken as a negative value. We performed RF analyzes on the 30th and 60th day of RA induction, which is hypothetically likely to be a short period for the development of a more severe systemic illness, which is why there are no increased values for RF

Влијанието на колаген индуцираниот артритис врз активноста на аsт и аlт кај белиот лабораториски стаорец

Промените што настануваат кај организмот во борбата за зачувување на внатрешната хомеостаза и одбрана на истиот, како од надворешните фактори, така и од навлезени агенси во него, се одбрамбени механизми со кои се овозможува преживување на истиот во таква состојба. Мегутоа, манифестирањето на тие промени зависи од карактерот, интензитетот и времетраењето на дејствувањето на агенсот, како и од физиолошките карактеристики: пол, возраст, здравствена состојба, и истите не секогаш сe успешни за да организмот преживее. Колаген-индуцираниот артритис доведува до автоимуно инфламаторно воспаление, што пак, од своја страна, не само што доведува до отоци, деформитети и ограничена подвижност на зглобовите, туку предизвикува и изместување како на хематолошките така и на биохемиските параметри во крвта, односно, во серумот кај организмот. Испитувани беа ефектите на колаген-предизвиканиот артритис, односно автоимуната реакција и воспалението, врз некои параметри на црниот дроб, како протеините, DNА, RNА, нуклеарниот индекс, нуклеарниот волумен, активноста на AST и ALT во серум од крв на експериментални во однос на контролни животни. За таа цел, како експериментални и контролни животни, беа користени бели лабораториски стаорци од сојот Wistar. Од испитувањата се дојде до сознание дека активноста на аспартатамино трансферазата и на аланинамино трансферазата кај контролната група на стаорци, кај сите единки, се движи околу некоја нормална референтна вредност, додека кај третираните експериментални животни со индуцирањето на артритисот сигнификантно се зголемува AST, додека вредностите на ALT се зголемени, но остануваат на ниво поблиску до контролната група. Релативната содржина на протеините во црниот дроб и нуклеарниот индекс се намалуваат, додека релативната содржина на DNА, RNА и нуклеарниот волумен се зголемуваат

The effect of CIA on serum IgM values in laboratory wistar rats of both sexes

Scientific knowledge still cannot specify the etiology of rheumatoid diseases, and the professional literature only mentions some of the risk factors. According to a number of authors, RA occurs as a result of a complex process of immune auto-aggression where the body's defense system recognizes certain transformed proteins in it as foreign and creates antibodies against them, initiating a rather complex process of immune auto-aggression and the creation of immune complexes . The process results in inflammation of the inner wall of the joints, during which the synovium hypertrophies, joint changes and destruction appear, vasculitis develops, subcutaneous nodules, skeletal muscle changes, weakened motor strength and possible changes to the heart, kidneys, lungs and nervous system. As an experimental model, we used two-month-old male and female white Wistar rats, kept in laboratory conditions with food and water ad libitum. The animals were divided into four groups; two controls with 20 male and female individuals and two groups with 30 treated male and female animals each. We applied the collagen prepared according to a defined protocol in the right back joint. 100 µl of collagen solution with 20 µl of physiological solution was applied. We took the blood for analysis from the tail of all individuals, and at the end of the research after sacrificing the animals. After coagulation of the blood, the test tubes were centrifuged, and the serum was decanted into monovets for analysis. The determination of IgM was performed using column chromatography and according to a prescribed operating procedure with Dimension RL Max, an apparatus from the Siemens product line. The immunoglobulin content at the end of the procedure is obtained according to the absorbance and the total volume of the eluate. The CIA values obtained for the male group show that there are changes in the level of serum IgM in animals that were treated compared to untreated, but these are without statistical significance. The values in the female experimental group show that CIA does not have an inhibitory effect on this immunoglobulin in the serum, and on the thirtieth day of treatment there is also an increase in the level of IgM, although this value is not statistically significant. Some authors state that even more than 80% of patients have a decrease in IgA and IgG, but an increase in IgM. Our obtained results coincide with these data and show a suppressive effect of RA on IgA and IgG, but not on the level of the serum value for IgM, where increased values without statistical significance are recorded. The conclusion of the research is that CIA has a teratogenic effect on treated male and female animals with an increase in IgM values, which are without statistical significance

Ефектот на колаген - индуцираниот артритис врз некои параметри на имунолошкиот статус кај белиот лабораториски стаорец

Промените што настануваат кај организмот во борбата за зачувување на внатрешната хомеостаза и одбраната на истиот, како од надворешните фактори така и од навлезените агенси во него, се одбрамбени механизми со кои се овозможува преживување на истиот во дадената ситуација. Mанифестирањето на тие промени зависат од карактерот, интензитетот и времетраењето на дејството на агенсот, како и од физиолошките карактеристики на организмот; пол, возраст, здравствена состојба, и истите не секогаш сe успешни за да тој преживее. Испитувани беа ефектите на колаген-индуцираниот артритис, односно автоимуната реакција и воспалението, врз имуниот систем кај машки и женски стаорци на 30-иот и на 60-иот ден од третманот. Следени беа промените на хематолошките и на биохемиските параметри во крвта и серумот, како и влијанието врз мобилниот дел од имуниот систем, односно врз леукоцитите. Како експериментални животни беа користени бели лабораториски стаорци од сојот Wistar. Од испитувањата се дојде до сознанија за штетното влијание на предизвиканиот ревматоиден артритис врз сите испитувани параметри, како хематолошки, така и биохемиски. Тоа се манифестира преку сигнификантно намалување на бројот нате, хемоглобинот, тромбоцитите и IgG, а сигнификантно зголемување на бројот на леукоцитите, лимфоцитите, моноцитите и гранулоцитите. Несигнификантни промени се забележуваат кај хематокритот, CRP, C3, C4, IgA и IgM. Извршените испитувања за RF, OAST и за ANA покажаа негативни резултати. Вредностите за активноста на AST и ALT кај контролната група на стаорци, во споредба со третираните експериментални животни, покажаа сигнификантно зголемување за AST, додека вредностите за ALT несигнификантно се зголемија и останаа на ниво поблиску до контролната група. Споредени со контролната група ефектите од третманот на 30-иот ден се поизразени, во однос на 60-иот ден. Разлика се јавува и кај машките животни, каде има поголеми разлики, во споредба со женските

The influence of hyperthermia on the content of RNA in the adrenal glands at different developmental periods in the white rat

Hyperthermia is a body condition in which the body creates or absorbs more heat than it can release, leading to an increase in body temperature. Hyperthermia can occur even in relatively not very hot ambient conditions when the temperature is only around 21ºC, but as the temperature increases, so does the risk of heatstroke. Acute hyperthermia occurs in a short time interval, while subacute occurs during exposure to high ambient temperature for a longer period of time or during longer-term increased heat production in the body. The subject of our interest was the influence of high ambient temperature in different developmental periods in the white laboratory rat and its effect on the content of RNA in the adrenal tissue. We performed the tests on white rats that were divided into five experimental groups; a control group, which during the period of pregnancy, lactation and post-lactation up to the fiftieth day were at room temperature, a second group exposed daily for two hours to 40°C during pregnancy, and after hatching were at room temperature, a third group which only during lactation was two hours a day at 40°C, a fourth group two hours a day at 40°C in the post-lactation period and a fifth group exposed two hours a day at 40°C from birth to the fiftieth day. The working procedure was according to the protocol, and all animals were sacrificed at the end of the experiment. We performed the determination of RNA content in tissue according to Munro's method. The results show that high external temperature has a negative impact on experimental animals in all developmental stages, both in the ontogenetic and postnatal periods. Studies have confirmed the teratogenic potential of hyperthermia on them, regardless of what developmental period they are in. The constant increase in the mass of the adrenal glands is also the result of the continuous growth of the organism, but the dynamics of the growth and development of the adrenal glands in the different experimental groups shows a difference, depending on the developmental period in which they were exposed to high external temperature. The exception is animals exposed during pregnancy, where there is almost no effect of exposure. Data indicate that the adrenal mass during fetal development is much more developed, especially the cortex, compared to the rest of the glands and organs of the fetus. We can conclude that the most pronounced stimulating effect in the development of the adrenal gland is in animals that were continuously exposed to 40°C, from pregnancy to the fiftieth day. The increase in the mass of the adrenal glands is highly significant in the group of animals that received this treatment from birth to the fiftieth day of life. In order to see the change in the mass of the adrenal glands in relation to the growth of the organism, we also calculated the relative mass of the adrenal glands and the relative content of RNA in them. The obtained results are in accordance with the data of other authors. The values for the mass of the adrenal glands confirm the fact that under conditions of stress, the mass of this gland increases many times. This condition is probably due to its intensified function under stress, since the cells of the cortex of the glandulae suprarenales are target cells for ACTH in response to stress

The effect of hyperthermic stress at different developmental periods in the white rat on DNA content in adrenal glands

The influence of high ambient temperature on biochemical processes in homeothermic organisms is the subject of interest in a large number of researches from different disciplines of biology and medicine. Namely, during a long-term stay in conditions of high external temperature, the organisms react adequately in order to maintain the internal homeostasis. At the same time, processes at the level of nervous, endocrine, metabolic and water homeostasis play a major role. High external temperature has a negative impact in all developmental stages of the white laboratory rat, and all research confirms the teratogenic effect of hyperthermia on their organs and glands. Regardless of the experimental treatment, until the 50th day of life, there is a constant increase in the mass of the adrenal glands, which is due to the continuous growth and development of the young organism, but the dynamics of the growth and development of the adrenal glands in the different experimental groups clearly deviates in relation to the control group, depending on the duration of the exposure to the high external temperature. The subject of our interest in this paper was the DNA content in the adrenal glands after exposure to high ambient temperature. For this purpose, we used white Wistar laboratory rats as experimental animals and they were divided into five groups. The first control group, which during the entire experiment, pregnancy, lactation and until the 50th day of the post-lactation period, we fed in a standard way, food and water as desired and stayed at room temperature, the second group of animals exposed for two hours a day to 40 °C during pregnancy, and after hatching they stayed at room temperature, the third group was exposed for 2 hours a day to 40 °C during lactation, the offspring and the mother were placed in a thermostat at 40 °C, the fourth group was exposed after two hours per day at 40°C during post-lactation and the heel was exposed for 2 hours per day at 40°C from birth to day 50 of life. The principle of the method for determining DNA in tissue consists in the strictly specific connection of indole with deoxyribose, for which a strongly acidic environment and high temperature are necessary, while the intensity of the color of the solution, which comes from the formed yellow-brown complex, is directly proportional on the concentration of deoxyribose ie. of DNA content. The results showing the concentration of DNA in 100mg of adrenal glands, that is, the relative content of DNA, also confirm the results obtained for the absolute content of DNA in the tissue of the adrenal gland. The studies carried out on the effect of intermittent exposure to a high external temperature of 40°C at different developmental stages in the white rat on the DNA content in the adrenal glands suggest that the high ambient temperature applied during pregnancy has no or very little effect on the examined parameter, while exposure during lactation causes an increased mass of the adrenal glands, which also results in an increased content of DNA in them. In the post-lactation period, the value returns to a level close to the control. This increase in DNA content in the adrenal glands is probably due to the increased activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis in the conditions of hyperthermic stress