An improved procedure for the three-component synthesis of highly substituted pyridines using ionic liquid

A basic ionic liquid, [bmIm]OH, efficiently promotes a one-pot, three-component condensation of aldehydes, malononitrile, and thiophenols to produce highly substituted pyridines in high yields at room temperature. This reaction does not involve any hazardous organic solvent and toxic catalyst. The ionic liquid is recovered and recycled for subsequent reactions

Organocatalyzed One-Step Synthesis of Functionalized <i>N-</i>Alkyl-Pyridinium Salts from Biomass Derived 5‑Hydroxymethylfurfural

An efficient and scalable method has been developed for the synthesis of <i>N-</i>alkylpyridinium salts from biomass derived 5-hydroxymethyl­furfural and alkyl amines using a catalytic amount of formic acid. This protocol is also extended to various diamines providing the exclusive formation of mono-<i>N-</i>alkylpyridinium salts. In addition, the mechanism for the formation of pyridinium salts was studied by DFT and using H₂¹⁸O isotope labeled experiments showing no incorporation of ¹⁸O in the product