SEROPREVALENCE OF INFECTIOUS BOVINE RHINOTRACHEITIS (IBR) IN NORTH EASTERN (NE) STATES OF INDIA

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) is an infectious disease caused by BoHV-1 and belongs to the Herpesviridae family. IBR is endemic in India including north eastern states of the country. Hence the study was undertaken to understand the seroprevalence of IBR in north eastern parts of the country. A total of 3125 cattle (Holstein Friesian crossbred) serum samples from 35 districts of five north eastern states (Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Sikkim) of India were screened for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus antibodies using Avidin biotin ELISA.  A two-stage random sampling methodology was followed for the collection of samples. Results from the present study revealed that the overall seropositivity was reported around 29.50% while the highest and lowest seropositivity of 43.39% and 16.66% were reported in the states of Sikkim and Assam respectively, followed by Mizoram (42.16%), Manipur (29.86%) and Meghalaya (27.40%). Cattle of higher age groups showed the highest seropositivity compared to younger ones. A higher percent of IBR antibodies in cattle of NE states is a cause of concern and a detailed study on IBR prevalence comprising of a large number of the bovine population need to be undertaken

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Not AvailableIn this study extensive evaluation of Avidin-Biotin recombinant nucleoprotein competitive ELISA (ABrC-ELISA) was carried out by mass screening of a large number of sera to make use of this assay for serosurveillance and seromonitoring of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in sheep and goats to evaluate its diagnostic efficacy value and strengthen findings associated with the assay. The recombinant PPR virus (PPRV) nucleoprotein was over-expressed in E. coli, Ni-NTA affinity-purified, and characterized and used as coating diagnostic antigen in ABrC-ELISA, and evaluated using the field sera from animals. On evaluation of the diagnostic performance or efficacy of this assay using the pre-vaccinated and post-vaccinated sera of sheep and goats (n = 1437), the ABrC-ELISA showed a relative diagnostic sensitivity of 87.2% (95% CI: 84.1-90%) and diagnostic specificity of 92.0% (95% CI: 90-93.7%), against well-established existing indigenous H protein-specific PPR competitive ELISA kit with an accuracy of 90.1% (95% CI: 88.5-91.7%) and good or substantial agreement of Cohen's Kappa value of 0.79 ± 0.017 SE (95% CI: 0.76 to 0.82). These findings suggest that the ABrC-ELISA is a potential additional diagnostic tool of a rapid, sensitive, and specific assay for the detection of the PPRV nucleoprotein antibodies in sera of sheep and goats. This PPR Ab Chek kit can be used extensively under field conditions for serosurveillance, and seromonitoring of PPR in sheep and goats at the eradication /post-eradication phase in disease-controlled countries or PPR non-enzootic countries.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableIn this study, expression of immunogenic portion of Peste des Petits ruminants virus (PPRV) nucleocapsid (N) protein in Escherichia coli (BL21) was envisaged to evaluate the potential use of recombinant protein as a diagnostic antigen in polyclonal antibodies based indirect ELISA for serodiagnosis. The immunogenic region of N gene coding sequences from PPR vaccine virus (Sungri 96 strain) was amplified, cloned in pET32a vector and expressed in E. coli as fusion protein for bulk production and easy Ni-NTA His-tag purification. The recombinant PPRV N protein (rPPRVNP) was expressed in E. coli at an optimal temperature of 37 °C with 1 mM IPTG for 5 h post induction and characterized by SDS-PAGE and western blot using PPRV-specific monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies or serum or anti-His-tag conjugate that confirmed PPRV specific protein with a size of ~50kDa. The expressed rPPRVNP was in insoluble form and was purified under denaturation condition by Ni-NTA purification method followed by refolding, renaturation methods and further concentrated by protein cut-off concentrators for obtaining single protein band. The rPPRVNP was assessed for its immunoreactivity as diagnostic antigen by immunoblotting and ELISA using standard PPRV specific antibodies. The immunogenic reactivity of expressed rPPRVNP was optimized in indirect ELISA using known true positive and negative sera with respect to PPRV antibodies. On standardization of rPPRVNP based indirect ELISA using 661serum samples, the relative diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the assay 83.76% and 83.13% respectively was observed at cut off level of 25 Per cent Positivity (PP) with an agreement of Cohen’s kappa value of 0.648 with good agreement. This indirect ELISA as additional diagnostic tool for diagnosis of PPR in sheep and goats and rPPRVNP could be a sustainable source of safe antigen in countries of non-endemicity without the need to handle infectious virus for sero-diagnosisNot Availabl

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Not AvailableThe cross-sectional serosurvey for post-vaccination assessment of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus (PPRV) antibodies in sheep and goats was carried out in different states in the central and western regions of India after the implementation of vaccination under the PPR control programme. The serum samples (n = 4687) were collected from sheep (n = 1539) and goats (n = 3148) from August 2017 to March 2018 at various epidemiological units (n = 301) of the studied regions using a stratified random sampling method and PPR competitive ELISA kit was employed to detect PPRV antibodies. The results revealed 34, 21, 52, 74, 68, and 65% of prevalence of PPRV antibodies in small ruminants in Madhya Pradesh, Goa, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Rajasthan states, respectively, with a difference in seropositivity in sheep and goats across the states in sheep (p 50% prevalence of post vaccination PPRV antibodies across states due to variations in vaccination rates and patterns. The vaccination coverage and the reported outbreaks varied between the states in the studied regions. Due to continuous vaccination under the control program, the reported PPR outbreaks have progressively declined in most of the studied states, and the PPR risk areas are confined to a few districts and sporadically, outbreaks are reported indicating the effectiveness of vaccination. These findings provide valuable information on potential PPRV episystems, and will assist with activities regarding intensive surveillance, vaccination, biosecurity, and modification of policy decisions towards designing and implementing control and eradication measures. Further, the present situation necessitates continuous mass vaccination and active surveillance programs to make these regions free from PPR in consonance with the PPR Global Control and Eradication Strategy under the PPR Global Eradication Program.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe present study describes the development of a truncated recombinant peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) nucleoprotein (rPPRV-NPN) and its polyclonal antibodies-based immuno-diagnostic assay, Avidin-Biotin (AB) recombinant nucleoprotein competitive ELISA (ABrC-ELISA) for the detection of PPRV antibodies in the sheep and goats. The PPRV N-terminal immunogenic region (1–266 aa) of nucleoprotein (NPN) coding sequence was amplified and cloned into the pETite vector. The rPPRV-NPN with a molecular weight of ∼ 30 kDa was expressed in E. coli, purified, and characterized by SDS-PAGE and immunoblot using standard PPRV specific sera. The Ni-NTA affinity-purified rPPRV-NPN as coating antigen and its hyperimmune serum as competitive antibodies raised in guinea pigs were evaluated as diagnostic reagents in ABrC-ELISA using the known standard panel of sera. The threshold (cut-off) Percentage Inhibition (PI) value was determined as 45 (mean ± 3 SD) based on the reactivity of the known sheep and goats sera to PPRV antibodies [negative (n = 140) and positive (n = 98)] and the assay had a sensitivity of 97 % (95 % Confidence Interval (CI): 91.3–99.4 %) and specificity of 100 % (95 % CI: 97.4–100 %) with an excellent Area under curve (AUC) of 0.997 (95 % CI: 0.99–1.0). On evaluation of diagnostic performance of the assay using the sheep and goats sera (n = 391) from vaccinated, infected, and non-vaccinated animals, the ABrC-ELISA showed the relative diagnostic sensitivity of 95.88 % (95 % CI: 92.56–98.01 %) & 98.77 % (95 % CI: 96.43–99.74 %) and diagnostic specificity of 97.97 % (95 % CI: 94.19–99.58 %) & 90.54 % (95 % CI: 84.64–94.73 %) against indigenous PPR competitive ELISA kit & IDvet Screen® PPR Competition kit, respectively. The study showed that ABrC-ELISA is rapid, sensitive, and specific and can be a better alternative assay for the detection of the PPRV antibodies in the sera of small ruminants for serosurveillance / seromonitoring of PPR not only at the eradication and post-eradication phases in the disease-controlled endemic countries but also in the PPR non-endemic countries.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe cross-sectional seroprevalence study of the peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in sheep and goats was carried out in the Southern Peninsular region of India to ascertain the prevalence of PPR virus (PPRV) antibodies at the epidemiological units (epi-units) level in the small ruminant population. The serum samples were collected from various epi-units (villages) in the different states and union territory (UT) in Southern Peninsular region using a stratified random sampling methodology from August 2017 to March 2018. A total of 6643 serum samples [sheep (n = 2785) and goats (n = 3858)] were collected from 360 epi-units and were screened by PPR competitive ELISA kit for the detection of PPRV antibodies. The results revealed that the seroprevalence of PPR in small ruminants in Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala states, and Puducherry UT was 87.0%, 66.4%, 64.3%, 47.8%, 11.4%, and 50.4%, respectively in the studied region. Further, the results of the chi-squared test revealed that the PPRV antibodies across different states and UT in the region were associated (sheep-χ2 = 218.8, p < 0.01; goats-χ2 = 827.1, p < 0.01), as all the states and UT adopted the PPR vaccination programme. The study also implies that the small ruminants in some of the epi-units (n = 102) had < 30% seroprevalence, which necessitates comprehensive intensive vaccination and active surveillance programmes to make this region as PPR free zone.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableLeptospirosis is a re-emerging zoonotic disease of animals and humans caused by pathogenic Leptospira, which has major public health concerns. The study is aimed to express the recombinant outer membrane protein (OMP) A-like protein (rLoa22) and transmembrane (rOmpL37) protein of Leptospira interrogans serovar Hardjo in the Escherichia coli and their evaluation as a diagnostic antigen in the latex agglutination test (LAT) to detect anti-leptospiral antibodies in the sera of animals. The Loa22 and OmpL37 genes lacking signal peptide coding sequences were individually amplified (522 and 963 bp), by polymerase chain reaction, and directionally cloned into a pETite N-His Kan vector for expression. The expressed purified proteins were characterized by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblot, which confirmed leptospiral specific reactive protein with a molecular weight of ~19 and 36 kDa, respectively. The sensitized latex beads coated with these OM proteins separately were evaluated in LAT using cattle sera of microscopic agglutination test (MAT) confirmed positive (n = 53) and negative (n = 52) cases of leptospirosis. The rLoa22 LAT and rOmpL37 LAT revealed the relative diagnostic sensitivity of 94·34 and 96·23%, diagnostic specificity of 92·31 and 96·15% and accuracy of 93·33 and 96·19%, with the excellent agreement of Cohen's kappa value of 0·87 and 0·92, respectively. After extensive evaluation, this rapid recombinant protein-based field diagnostic test can be applied as a screening test for the detection of anti-leptospiral antibodies in the sera of animals in the field conditionsNot Availabl

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Not AvailableThis cross-sectional study describes the seroprevalence of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in goats in Andaman and Nicobar (AN) Islands, India during 2017–2018. A total of 392 goat serum samples were collected from 36 epidemiological units (epi-units) using a stratified random sampling procedure and were screened for PPR virus (PPRV) antibody using an indigenously developed PPR monoclonal antibody-based competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) assay. The resultsshowed thatthe overall1.28% (0.01-0.03 at95%confidenceinterval) and 1.39% apparent and true prevalence of PPRV antibodies in goats in the studied region. Further, a few samples from five epi-units have only shown marginal positive (percentage inhibition (PI) value ranged from 40.4 to 48.0) for PPRV antibodies with less than 30% seroprevalence in all the tested epi-units in the study region.The findinginfersthatthegoatpopulationintheregionaregenerallyfreefromPPRVantibodies,asthere wereneitherPPRoutbreaksreportednorPPRvaccinationstrategiespracticedingoatsinANIslands.Further,the PPR immune protection in goats is almost nil, when compared with the mainland of India, where the disease is enzootic withvaryingpercentageofseroprevalence andpopulationimmunity isbeingreported.Thisis firstofits kind on the prevalence study of the PPRV antibodies in goats in a unique niche of AN archipelago of India.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableIn this study, post vaccination seroconversion to Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus in small ruminants was assessed since annual mass vaccination campaign (MVC) implementation in Chhattisgarh. Random serum samples (n = 14235) over a period of six years (2010–2016) and stratified random serum samples (n = 269) along with epidemiological parameters by cross-sectional study during 2016–2017 were collected and tested by competitive ELISA for PPR virus antibodies. The overall results from random and stratified sampling indicate that 84% (11989/14235) and 55% (148/269) population represent protective percentage levels of antibodies, respectively. On Chi-square analysis, significant difference was observed in seroconversion rate between the years 2010–2016 and 2016–2017 (chi square= 164.88); 2010–2016 (Chi square = 151.95); 2010–2017 (Chi square = 312.74) (P < 0.01) and across age groups (Chi square = 11.70, p < 0.01) and not between species, breed, sex, and other managemental factors. Further, logistic regression analysis revealed that age groups of animals was significantly (P < 0.05) associated with PPR. The observed seroconversion in the population by stratified random sampling method was lower during 2016–2017 than the world organisation for animal health recommended  approximately 70%, that indicates annual PPR MVC strategy adopted has not provided desired protection levels. Therefore, vaccination activities need to be continued for three more years by targeting naïve young animals biannually, after that, serosurvey in appropriate sampling method need to be conducted to augur vaccination status and effectiveness of control programme.Not Availabl