Collaborating for Gender Equity in Christian Education

This essay addresses the importance of teachers promoting gender equity. It explores potential causes for gender discrimination in Christian institutions including double standards, unequal representation, organizational culture and similarity attraction. Strategies to promote gender equity are described such as including positive role models, intentional group formation and linking social issues to the lack of women’s voices; gender education, resource selection, nurturing confidence and efficacy and fostering a non-stereotypical view of women’s leadership styles. Keywords: Teacher Education, Gender Equity, Women, Leadershi

Of Different Complexions: Religious Diversity and National Identity in James II's Toleration Campaign

This article uncovers a remarkable speech given by James II in the city of Chester in August 1687. In this speech, which has not previously been discussed in print by any historian, the king made a startling analogy between colour-based prejudice and religious prejudice, saying "suppose...there should be a law made that all black men should be imprisoned, twould be unreasonable and we had as little reason to quarell [sic] with other men for being of different opinions as for being of different Complexions." The king used this speech to articulate a novel definition of English national identity. Under this new vision of Englishness, being a Protestant would no longer be considered a prerequisite of true citizenship; instead, anyone who was willing to tolerate the religion of others would be accepted as a true English citizen. The goal of this catholic king was to secure the election of a Parliament that would repeal the laws that penalized religious nonconformity. At Chester and elsewhere during his toleration campaign, James II adopted a rights-based rhetoric of citizenship that had not previously been used by any English monarch. It is likely that he borrowed much of this rhetoric from his friend William Penn, yet it is remarkable, given his reputation as an authoritarian, that he used it at all. This rhetoric gained a popular purchase among some of those who had been stigmatised by the laws that the king was seeking to overturn.Histor

Recent Graduates\u27 Perspective on the Efficacy of Nursing Simulation Laboratory Experiences

It has become progressively difficult to find suitable clinical placement for nursing students. To help meet this need, local schools of nursing are turning to high-fidelity simulation manikins to substitute for clinical experience. There is a lack of research that explores recently graduated nurses\u27 perceptions about the efficacy of simulation experiences. Guided by the constructivist theory, this qualitative case study identified how recent RN graduates viewed simulation experiences and whether associate\u27s-degree RN program graduates and bachelor\u27s-program RN graduates viewed simulation differently. Nine recent graduates participated in individual face-to-face interviews. The data were coded and grouped into 5 major themes in order of frequency: (a) environmental and technical factors, which included factors such as equipment working and videotaping; (b) preparation for nursing tasks, referred to assessments, procedures, and emergency situations; (c) human factors, such as the importance of the instructor, other students participation, and working in groups; (d) communication, which included communication with doctors and patients among others; and (e) caliber of the equipment, which was referred to by the level of fidelity of the manikin. On comparison of the codes and themes, the perceptions of the bachelor\u27s- degree participants were similar to the perception of the associate\u27s-degree participants. A white paper, that identified the items the recent RN graduates perceived as valuable, was created. This white paper can be used to begin dialogue that may allow schools of nursing to increase the effectiveness of the simulation experience or validate its applicability in the real world setting. This study may contribute to positive social change by inspiring faculty of local schools of nursing to re-evaluate their simulation laboratory experiences for efficacy and applicability to real world nursing

The crystal structures of some metal complexes containing substituted methyleneamino and aza-allene ligands

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The 'Second Synod of St Patrick' and the 'Romans' of the early Irish Church

It is usually thought that during the seventh century, a formal split in the Irish Church had resulted in the creation of two rival factions: a “Roman party” of reform-minded ecclesiastics, and an “Irish party” intent instead on maintaining current practices. A partial record of their decades-long schism has been thought to be preserved in the Irish canonical compilation, the "Collectio canonum Hibernensis", which attributes a substantial number of canons either to “Roman synods” or to “Irish synods,” and we have understood this to reflect a period in which the two groups had sought to advance their cause by holding separate synods from which their opponents were excluded. The foundations for this interpretation of the “Roman” and “Irish” canons of the "Hibernensis" were laid more than a century ago, but more recent scholarship provides reasons for rethinking the hypothesis. The article focuses especially on one of the texts which the compilers of the "Hibernensis" understood to be the work of the “Romans” — a short text which has come to be known as the “Second Synod of St. Patrick” — and argues that certain details within the text suggest an association with documents produced on the Continent, in the network of monasteries founded by the Irish peregrinus Columbanus. I suggest a new context for the creation of the “Second Synod of St. Patrick,” and argue that this in turn offers a new way of thinking about the meaning of the “Roman synods” and “Irish synods” attested in the "Hibernensis"

Effects of managerial and environmental practices on milk yield, hormone levels, and behavior of lactating dairy cows

Two studies investigating managerial effects on cattle behavior and physiology were performed. In the first study, forty mid-lactation Holstein cows were divided into two groups and housed in identical, light-controlled, stanchion bams. During the 3 wk pretreatment period, incandescent lights (providing 100 Ix 1 m above the floor) were on from 0300 to 2100 h in both bams. Treatments consisted of lights on from 0300 to 2100 h in one barn and lights on from 0700 to 1700 h with a skeletal light period between 0400 and 0500 h in the other for 14 wk. Milk yield; body weight; serum prolactin, cortisol, and triiodothyronine concentrations; and duration and frequency of eating and lying down and frequency of drinks were not significantly different between the two treatments. Results suggest savings in utility costs could be attained by using a skeletal light period to replace a long continuous light period without decreasing milk production or eating time. To detect trends in behavioral feeding preference, 48 lactating cows were observed 72 continuous h during five different feed management regimes. Treatments were: hay and silage fed simultaneously at 0830, 1300, and 1630 h; hay fed at 0730, 1145, and 1530 h and silage fed at 0830, 1300, and 1630 h; silage fed at 0730, 1145, 1530 h and hay fed at 0830, 1300, and 1630 h; hay and silage fed simultaneously at 0700, 1000, 1300, and 1600 h; and hay and silage fed simultaneously at 0700 and 1630 h. Binomial z-scores indicated that cows had definite eating patterns which went across all treatments. Strongest feeding preferences were to eat grain, then silage, drink water, and then eat hay. However, behavioral differences between treatments were not detected. On average, cows ate silage 9.51 times/d, 18.45 min each time; hay 5.59 times/d, 10.91 min each time; grain 7.33 times/d; and drank water 4.68 times daily