Detrimental effects of individual versus combined exposure to tetrabromobisphenol A and polystyrene nanoplastics in fish cell lines

The potential interactions between the diverse pollutants that can be released into the environment and the resulting outcomes are a challenging issue that needs to be further examined. This in vitro study was aimed to assess potential toxic effects caused by combined exposure to tetrabromobisphenol A, a flame retardant widely used and frequently detected in aquatic matrices, and commercially available polystyrene nanoparticles as reference material to evaluate nanoplastics risks. Our results, using freshwater fish cell lines and a set of relevant cytotoxicity endpoints including cell viability, oxidative stress, and DNA damage, provide additional mechanistic insights that could help to fully characterize the toxicity profiles of tetrabromobisphenol A and polystyrene nanoparticles. Furthermore, we describe subtle changes in cell viability as well as the generation of oxidative DNA damage after coexposure to subcytotoxic concentrations of the tested pollutantsThis work was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities / Spanish State Research Agency / _RTI2018–096046- B-C22. PSB has benefited from a contract from the Office of Education and Research of the Community of Madrid and the European Social Fund (PEJ-2019-AI/SAL-12775

Germline and Mosaic Variants in PRKACA and PRKACB Cause a Multiple Congenital Malformation Syndrome

PRKACA and PRKACB code for two catalytic subunits (Cα and Cβ) of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), a pleiotropic holoenzyme that regulates numerous fundamental biological processes such as metabolism, development, memory, and immune response. We report seven unrelated individuals presenting with a multiple congenital malformation syndrome in whom we identified heterozygous germline or mosaic missense variants in PRKACA or PRKACB. Three affected individuals were found with the same PRKACA variant, and the other four had different PRKACB mutations. In most cases, the mutations arose de novo, and two individuals had offspring with the same condition. Nearly all affected individuals and their affected offspring shared an atrioventricular septal defect or a common atrium along with postaxial polydactyly. Additional features included skeletal abnormalities and ectodermal defects of variable severity in five individuals, cognitive deficit in two individuals, and various unusual tumors in one individual. We investigated the structural and functional consequences of the variants identified in PRKACA and PRKACB through the use of several computational and experimental approaches, and we found that they lead to PKA holoenzymes which are more sensitive to activation by cAMP than are the wild-type proteins. Furthermore, expression of PRKACA or PRKACB variants detected in the affected individuals inhibited hedgehog signaling in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts, thereby providing an underlying mechanism for the developmental defects observed in these cases. Our findings highlight the importance of both Cα and Cβ subunits of PKA during human development.This work was partially supported by funding from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (SAF2016-75434-R [AEI/FEDER, UE] and PID2019-105620RB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033) to V.L.R.-P. S.S.T. was supported by NIH grant R03TR002947, E.M.F.M. by Kassel graduate school “Clocks”, and A.D.L. by the Italian Ministry of Health (RC-2019). The University of Antwerp supported G.M. and W.V.H. with Methusalem funding (FFB190208) and S.P. with a predoctoral grant. E.B. was supported by The Research Foundation Flanders with a postdoctoral grant (12A3814N). The study was also funded by a National Health and Medical Research Council Program Grant (1091593) to I.E.S., a Practitioner Fellowship (1006110) to I.E.S., a Senior Research Fellowship (1102971) to M.B., and an R.D. Wright Career Development Fellowship (1063799) to M.S.H. B.S.S. and G.L. were supported by Throne Holst Foundation UiO (2019-2021) and Strategic PhD fund by UiO/IMB