Simulation of seismic triggering and failure time perturbations associated with the 30 October 2020 Samos earthquake (Mw 7.0)

The 30 October 2020 Samos earthquake (Mw = 7.0) ruptured a north-dipping offshore normal fault north of the Samos Island with an extensional mechanism. Aftershocks mainly occurred at the western and eastern ends of the rupture plane in agreement with the Coulomb static stress changes. Mechanism of aftershocks located west of the rupture supported activation of the neighboring strike-slip fault almost instantly. In addition, a seismic cluster including events with Mw similar to 4 has emerged two days later at the SE side of Samos Island. This off-plane cluster displays a clear example of delayed seismic triggering at nearby active faults. In this study, numerical simulations are conducted to mimic the instant and delayed seismic triggering observed after this event and evaluate resultant seismic cycle perturbations at adjacent faults and near Izmir, where amplified ground motions caused heavy damage. For this purpose, Coulomb static stress changes and seismic waveforms recorded by strong-motion stations are combined as static and dynamic triggers on a rate-and-state friction dependent quasi-dynamic spring slider model with shear-normal stress coupling. According to our results, earthquakes with Mw = 4 events noticeably advance in failure time. However, instant triggering occurs only when static stress loading is very high, and the fault is close to fail, explaining the delayed triggering observed SE of Samos Island. Simulations also revealed that the shear-normal stress coupling increases static loading but does not affect the dynamically controlled failure time advances observed at the end of the seismic cycle. After the earthquake, some of the faults adjacent to the rupture are more likely to fail, especially the long strike-slip fault segment capable of generating large earthquakes at the western edge. On the other hand, the Samos earthquake induced no significant dynamic triggering on far away faults near Izmir

Thermal kinetic analysis, theoretical thermodynamic calculations and antimicrobial activity of three new energetic materials

WOS: 000425965400096Three new energetic agents were synthesized using 3,5-dinitro-4-chlorobenzonitrile, sodium azide and hydrazine, which were 2,6-dinitro-4-cyano-azidobenzene (I), N-2,6-dinitro-cyanophenyl-hydrazine (II) and bis-N,N'(2,6-dinitro-4-cyanophenyl)hydrazine (III). These energetic substances were first characterized by elemental analysis, IR, mass, H-1 NMR and C-13 NMR spectroscopic methods. The energetic substances were studied by thermogravimetry, and it was understood that the mechanism of the thermal decomposition reactions consists of two successive exothermic thermal reactions. In the first thermal reaction, the energetic material was converted to furoxane compounds, and then, these furoxane compounds were decomposed by the second thermal reaction. Activation energies and Arrhenius pre-exponential factors of thermal responses were determined by using isothermal (Coats-Redfern) and nonisothermal/isoconvertional (Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose, Ozawa-Flynn-Wall) methods with thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) data. With these calculated values, other thermodynamic parameters reaction enthalpy, entropy changes and free energy were calculated. Formation enthalpies of the elements of the energetic substances were theoretically calculated using the CBS-4M algorithm in the Gaussian 09 program for the synthesized energetic substances. In the thermal decomposition reactions, the products were estimated with the aid of literature data and the enthalpies of explosion reactions were theoretically calculated according to the Hess Law. Besides, the exothermic energies in the first and second thermal reactions of the energetic substances were measured by DSC. The results measured by DSC were compared with the calculated theoretical results and were found to be very close to each other. In the study, antimicrobial activity was estimated to be high because energetic molecules are strained molecules, and it is possible this tension can affect the medium. According to this thought, antimicrobial activity was determined by using five different bacteria and a fungus. Antimicrobial activity values were determined by "agar dilution" method, and results were found as minimum inhibition concentration. Among the three energetic substances, 2,6-dinitro-4-cyano-azidobenzene was found to have the most active compound.Scientific Research Fund of the University of Ankara [16H0430004]; Scientific Research Fund of the Ahi Evran University [FEF.A4.17.001]This work was supported by the Scientific Research Fund of the University of Ankara (project no. 16H0430004) and Scientific Research Fund of the Ahi Evran University (grant no: FEF.A4.17.001)

Can Beneficial Owners be Subject to the Duty of Loyalty and Prohibition of Competition in Limited Liability Company?

Türk Ticaret Kanunu’nun 613.maddesinin birinci fıkrasında, limited şirkette ortakların sır saklamakla yükümlü olduğu, ikinci fıkrasında, ortakların şirketin çıkarlarını zedeleyebilecek davranışlarda bulunamayacakları, kendilerine özel menfaat sağlayan, şirketin amacına zarar veren işlemler yapamayacakları ve şirket sözleşmesiyle ortaklar için rekabet yasağı getirilebileceği, düzenlenmiştir. Peki aynı yükümlülükler, pay üzerinde intifa hakkı tesis edilmesi halinde intifa hakkı sahibi için de geçerli olacak mıdır? Bu soruya ilişkin bir düzenleme madde metninde bulunmamaktadır. İntifa hakkı kurulan paylara ilişkin oy hakkının ve oy hakkına bağlı hakların, özellikle bilgi alma ve inceleme hakkının, intifa hakkı sahibi tarafından kullanılabileceği kabul edildiğinde, intifa hakkı sahibi şirket faaliyetlerine, sırlarına vakıf olabilmektedir. Bunun sonucu olarak intifa hakkı sahibinin de şirket ortağı gibi bu bilgileri şirket zararına kullanması, şirketle rekabet oluşturacak faaliyetlerde bulunması tehlikesi mevcuttur. Bu tehlike karşısında açık yasal düzenlemenin olmayışı, uygulamada çıkabilecek ihtilaflar ve açılacak davalar bakımından önemli bir sorun teşkil etmektedir. Bu açıdan yeterince yol gösterici yüksek mahkeme içtihatları da henüz oluşmamıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, limited şirkette intifa hakkı sahibinin bağlılık yükümlülüğü ve şirket sözleşmesiyle öngörülmüş rekabet yasağı karşısındaki durumunu tespit ederek, çözüm ortaya koymaktır.It is regulated in the first paragraph of the article 613 of the Turkish Commercial Code that partners of a limited liability company are obligated to safeguard business secrets, in the second paragraph, it is regulated that partners must refrain from doing anything detrimental to the interests of the company, may not engage in a business bringing them a special advantage, effecting the purpose of the company adversely and that company partners can be prohibited from carrying on any activities in competition with the company with the articles of association. Will the same obligations be applied to the beneficial owners in case beneficial ownership is issued on the share? The article text does not have any regulation on this matter. When it is accepted that the beneficial owner can exercise right to vote regarding to the shares establishing the beneficial right and the rights in connection with the right to vote, especially right to demand information and right to examine, the beneficial owner can be competent on the activities, secrets of the company. Consequently, a beneficial owner, such as a partner, can use the information to the detriment of the company and carry on activities in competition with the company. The lack of any explicit legal regulation causes problems in terms of probable conflicts and lawsuits that may arise in practice. So far, any guiding Supreme Court decision related to this matter has not been given either. The aim of this study is to evaluate the status of the beneficial owner in respect to duty of loyalty and prohibition of competition provided by the articles of association and to create a solution

Türk ve Alman Hukukunda Yeni Düzenlemeler Işığında Sorumluluk Sigortasında Doğrudan Talep Hakkı

6102 sayılı Yeni Türk Ticaret Kanunu'ndan önceki dönemde sorumluluk sigortalarında Yargıtay içtihatlarıyla tanınmaya çalışılan doğrudan talep hakkı, Yeni Türk Ticaret Kanunu'nda normatif bir düzenlemeye kavuşmuştur. Zarar gören üçüncü kişinin zarar verenin sorumluluk sigortacısına karşı doğrudan talep hakkını düzenleyen Yeni Türk Ticaret Kanunu'nun 1478. maddesinin sorumluluk sigortalarına ilişkin genel hükümler arasında yer alması sebebiyle, bu talep, hem zorunlu hem de isteğe bağlı sorumluluk sigortalarında geçerli bir hak haline gelmiştir. Doğrudan talep hakkı karşısında sigortacının ifa yükümlülüğü, Yeni Türk Ticaret Kanunu'nun Zorunlu Sigortalar başlığı altında 1484. maddesinin 1. fıkrasında düzenlenmiştir. Bu hükme göre sigortacı sigorta ettirene karşı ifa yükümlülüğünden kurtulmuş olsa bile, sigorta limiti dahilinde zarar gören üçüncü kişiye karşı sorumlu olmaya devam eder. Ancak bu hükmün sistematik açıdan zorunlu sigortalar kısmında yer alması, isteğe bağlı sigortalarda uygulanıp uygulanamayacağı sorununu gündeme getirmiştir. Doğrudan talep hakkının zamanaşımı süresi, sigorta ettirene karşı olan talep hakkının zamanaşımı süresine değil de, sigorta sözleşmesi için geçerli olan zamanaşımı süresine tabi kılınmıştır.Direct claim, which was recognized in liability insuarances by precedenıs of Court of Cassation as before New Turkish Commercial Code No. 6102, has finally reached to a normative regulation under New Turkish Commercial Code. Oue ıo the reason that the Article 1478 of New Turkish Commercial Code, which regulates injured third party's direct claim against liability insurer of maleficent party, takes place among general provisions releated to liability insurances, direct claim has became a valid right for both in compulsory and arbitrary liability insurances. Insurer's obligation of fulfillment against the injured party's direct claim has been prescribed in New Turkish Commercial Code by the I si sentence of Article 1484 under the title of compulsory insurances. According to this provision, although being released from obligations to the policy owner, insurer's obligation ıo the injured third party will continue at an insurance limit set by the insurance policy. However, the application of this sentence to arbitrary liability insurances is somewhat debatable due to the fact that such sentence is systematically included in compulsory insurances section. Statutory period of limitation for a direct claim is subjected not to a statutory limitation ofa direct claim against the policy owner, but to a statutory limitation that was set for the contract of insurance

Portal slope stability assessment of a proposed highway tunnel in northeastern Turkey

This paper presents an application of the rock mass classification systems, namely, Geomechanics Classification System (RMR), Geological Strength Index (GSI) and the newly adapted A-RMR for the characterization of the rock masses surrounding the portals of the Ordu Peripheral Highway Tunnel. In order to characterize the rock masses, which mainly consist of flysch (mostly alternation of sandstone, marl and siltstone) and pyroclastics (agglomerate and tuff), engineering geological investigations have been carried out in three stages as surface, subsurface and laboratory investigations along the tunnel route. Sixteen boreholes with a total length of 1497 m have been drilled along the tunnel route to assist and verify rock mass classifications. Approximately, seventy five rock core samples have been obtained for rock mechanics tests. The shear strength and geomechanical properties of the rock masses were assigned as a result of a synthesis of the results of laboratory testing, GSI, RMR and the newly adapted A-RMR methods. The information provided from all investigations has been gathered and handled for the characterization of the rock masses governing the portal slope stability of open-cut excavations of the tunnel. Kinematical and limit equilibrium analyses of the tunnel portals have been employed for portal slope stability considerations

Engineering geological investigations and the preliminary support design for the proposed Ordu Peripheral Highway Tunnel, Ordu, Turkey

This paper presents engineering geological investigations and the tunnel support design for the Boztepe tunnel of the Ordu Peripheral Highway located in northeast Turkey. In order to characterize the rock masses in Boztepe Tunnel which mainly consist of flysch (mostly alternation of sandstone, marl and siltstone) and pyroclastics (agglomerate and tuff), engineering geological investigations have been carried out in three stages as surface, subsurface and laboratory investigations. Rock mass classification systems (Geomechanics Classification System, RMR; Norwegian Geotechnical Institution Q-system and Geological Strength Index, GSI) have been utilized through information obtained from engineering geological investigations. Sixteen boreholes with a total length of 1497 m have been drilled to assist and verify rock mass classifications. Approximately seventy five rock samples have been obtained for rock mechanics tests. The information provided from all the engineering geological investigation stages has been handled in the characterization of the rock masses at the tunnel elevation. In an attempt to check the validity of empirical tunnel supports of the various rock mass classification systems, stress analysis around the tunnel opening has been executed by the 2D finite element analysis program, Phase 2 where rock mass data obtained through the rock mass classification systems have been utilized as input data. In these analyses, the empirically proposed support systems have been found to be successful to prevent further deformations around the tunnel openings