Breast feeding practices and views among diabetic women: a retrospective cohort study

Objective: to explore the pattern and experiences of breast-feeding practices among diabetic women. Design: retrospective cohort study using maternal records and postal questionnaires in a Baby-Friendly hospital. Participants: diabetic mothers including women with gestational diabetes, and type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus. Findings: from the total group of respondents, 81.9% intended to breast feed. The actual breast feeding rates were 81.9% at birth, 68.1% at 2 weeks and 28.7% at 6 months postpartum. Major themes that were identified from women's experiences included information and advice, support vs. pressure, classification and labelling, and expectations. Conclusions: more than two-thirds of the diabetic women intended to breast feed and actually did breast feed in this study. For both the total study population and the type 1 and 2 diabetics alone, more than half were still breast feeding at 2 weeks postpartum, and approximately one-third were still breast feeding at 6 months postpartum. Implications for practice: structured support, provided for women through Baby-Friendly initiatives, was appreciated by the diabetic women in this study. The extent to which this support influenced the highly successful breast feeding practices in this group of women needs focused investigation. The need for a delicate balancing act between pressure and advice in order to prevent coercion was noted.</p

Exploring the physical activity of Iranian migrant women in the United Kingdom: a qualitative study

Purpose: This article explores the role migration has on the physical activity of Iranian migrant women living in the United Kingdom. Method: This qualitative study includes 22 first-generation Iranian migrant women, aged 24–64, residing in London. Data was collected through in-depth, semi-structured, individual interviews and was analyzed thematically. Results: The findings show that for those women from traditional backgrounds, migration corresponds with liberation from social and cultural pressures experienced in Iran and greater motivation to adopt a physically active lifestyle. However, for Iranian women who had arrived in the UK more recently and had a higher social standing in Iran, migration was associated with the loss of their careers, sources of income, and social networks. These issues were compounded by a lack of cohesion in Iranian migrant communities and poor access to local physical activity resources. This resulted in diminishing motivation and the subsequent de-prioritisation of the women’s physical activity, even though they had regularly engaged in physical activity in Iran. Conclusion: Despite migration leading to improving physical activity for some Iranian women, for others, migration leads to marginality in Britain. Local authorities and Iranian community organizations need to adopt innovative strategies to reach out to recent Iranian migrant women

Evolution of Density Perturbations in a Cylindrical Molecular Cloud Using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics

Molecular clouds have a hierarchical structure from few tens of parsecs for giants to few tenth of a parsec for proto-stellar cores. Nowadays, our observational techniques are so advanced that it has become possible to detect the small-scale substructures inside the molecular cores. The question that arises is how these small condensations are formed. In the present research, we study the effect of ambipolar diffusion heating on the ubiquitous perturbations in a molecular cloud and investigate the possibility of converting them to dense substructures. For this purpose, a small azimuthal perturbation is implemented on the density of an axisymmetric two-dimensional cylindrical cloud, and its evolution is simulated bythe technique of two-fluid smoothed particle hydrodynamics. Theself-gravity is not included and the initial state has uniformdensity, temperature and magnetic field, parallel to theaxis of cylinder. In addition, all perturbed quantities are assumed todepend onlyon azimuth angle and time. Computer experiments show that if theambipolar diffusion heating is ignored, the perturbation willbe dispersed over the time. Including the heating due to ambipolardiffusion heats the matter in regions adjacent to the perturbation, thus,leading to the transfer of matter into the perturbed area. In this case, the density of perturbations can be increased. Also, the results ofsimulations show that an increase of the initial magnetic pressureleads to the intensification of difference between density ofperturbations and their surroundings (i.e. increasing of density contrast). This effect is due to the direct relationship of the drift velocity to the intensity of the magnetic field and its gradient. Simulations with different initial uniform densities show that the growth of relative density contrast is more clear with a special density. This result can be explained by the intensification of thermal instability in this special density

Extension of the Huttner-Barnett model to a magnetodielectric medium

The Huttner$-$Barnett model is extended to a magnetodielectric medium by adding a new matter field to this model. The eigenoperators for the coupled system are calculated and electromagnetic field is written in terms of these operators. The electric and magnetic susceptibility of the medium are explicitly derived and shown to satisfy the Kramers$-$Kronig relations. It is shown that the results obtained in this model are equivalent to the results obtained from the phenomenological methods.Comment: 25 page

Some asymptotic stationary point theorems in topological spaces

AbstractIn this paper, we present some asymptotic stationary point results for topological contraction mappings by relaxing the compactness of the space. Moreover, some classes of topological contractions are characterized

Host genes involved in Agrobacterium-mediated transformation

Agrobacterium is the natures genetic engineer that can transfer genes across the kingdom barriers to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic host cells. The host genes which are involved in Agrobacterium-mediated transformatiom (AMT) are not well known. Here, I studied in a systematic way to identify the whole eukaryotic host genes which are involved in this event. For this, I used a collection of around 4800 homozygous diploid deletion mutants and the cDNA libraries of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as the eukaryotic host and two strains of Agrobacterium. First, a large-scale AMT protocol for the transformation of yeast mutants was developed. Then, the yeast mutant collection was screened for the mutants with an increased or a decreased AMT. 249 deletion mutant strains were found which affect AMT. Of great importance were host chromatin remodeling and histone modifying complexes. Besides, using GFP technique I showed the nuclear localization of Agrobacteriums VirD2 in yeast. Yeast two-hybrid screens also identified 12 yeast putative interaction partners of VirD2 protein.UBL - phd migration 201