Sources of Radiation in the Early Universe: The Equation of Radiative Transfer and Optical Distances

We have derived the radiative-transfer equation for a point source with a specified intensity and spectrum, originating in the early Universe between the epochs of annihilation and recombination, at redshifts z_\s =10^8\div 10^4. The direct radiation of the source is separated from the diffuse radiation it produces. Optical distances from the source for Thomson scattering and bremsstrahlung absorption at the maximum of the thermal background radiation are calculated as a function of the redshift z.The distances grow sharply with decreasing z, approaching asymptotic values, the absorption distance increasing more slowly and reaching their limiting values at lower z. For the adopted z values, the optical parameters of the Universe can be described in a flat model with dusty material and radiation, and radiative transfer can be treated in a grey approximation.Comment: 14 pages, 2 figure

ФЕНОМЕН РЫНОЧНОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА

Subject. Investigations carried out and scientific forums related to the problems of the holistic theoretical and methodological insight into socially oriented grounds of the market economy phenomenon in the post-Soviet period are matters of top priority for a large part of the Financial University researchers. Intrinsic, methodological and theoretical problems underlying this phenomenon are considered in the context of research findings obtained by members of the 5th International Scientific and Practical Conference “The Market Economy Phenomenon: From the Origins into Our Days” held by Financial University in cooperation with Kuban State University. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of historical, economic, institutional, reproductive and transformation aspects of the phenomenon of the market economic system. Purpose. Investigation into a wide range of up-to-date debatable methodological and theoretical problems of the market economy phenomenon. Identification of “bottlenecks” in the modern mainstream of the theoretical economic knowledge. Demonstration of the spheres of “the impotence of market mechanisms” subject to overcoming by the scientific and practical community. Methodology. The research is based on the historical and economic approach along with using methods of evolutionary and interdisciplinary analytical tools. Results. Notwithstanding permanent attempts of domestic and foreign economists to provide a conceptual justification of the non-alternative nature of the market organization of the economy, the current theoretical concepts of economic growth have not yet turned into applied tools of the market economy and the economic policy. As the research shows, the only actor able to make the transition of the Russian economy to a new technological tenor is still the state capable of running its investment activity. Conclusion. The key concern of the modern scientific economic community of Russia is to provide the basis for socially oriented theoretical and reformatory programs of the market economy regulation that would ensure the improvement of management practices and promote crisis-free, efficient and progressive socioeconomic development. Since the state investing can ensure only point breakthroughs rather than the overall socio-economic development of the country, due to considerable inherent systemic constraints, the development of investment activity of the Russian business sector should become the main driver of the economic development.Предмет. Изыскания и научные форумы, связанные с проблематикой комплексного теоретико-методологического осмысления в постсоветском периоде социально ориентированных оснований феномена рыночного хозяйства, являются наиболее приоритетными для значительной части ученых Финансового университета. Рассматриваются сущностные, методологические и теоретические проблемы, лежащие в основании данного феномена в контексте результатов исследований, выполненных участниками проведенной Финансового университетом совместно с Кубанским госуниверситетом V Международной научно-практической конференции «Феномен рыночного хозяйства: от истоков до наших дней». Особое внимание уделено анализу дискуссионных историко-экономических, институциональных, воспроизводственных и трансформационных аспектов феномена рыночной системы хозяйствования. Цели. Исследование широкого спектра актуальных дискуссионных методологических и теоретических проблем феномена рыночного хозяйства. Выявление в современном мейнстриме научных знаний в области теоретической экономики «узких» мест. Обоснование подлежащих преодолению научно-практическим сообществом сфер «бессилия рыночных механизмов». Методология. Исследование базируется на историко-экономическом подходе, использовании методов эволюционного и междисциплинарного аналитического инструментария. Результаты. Вопреки перманентным попыткам отечественных и зарубежных ученых-экономистов концептуально обосновать безальтернативный характер рыночной организации экономики, нынешние теоретические концепции экономического роста все еще не превратились в прикладные инструменты рыночного хозяйства и экономической политики. Как показывают проведенные исследования, единственным субъектом, способным осуществить переход экономики России на новый технологический уклад, остается способное проявить инвестиционную активность государство.Выводы. Ключевая задача современного научного экономического сообщества России состоит в обосновании таких социально ориентированных теоретических и реформаторских программ регулирования рыночной экономики, которые бы обеспечили совершенствование практики хозяйствования, способствовать бескризисному, эффективному и поступательному социально-экономическому развитию. Поскольку государственные инвестиции ввиду объективно присущих им больших системных ограничений способны обеспечить лишь точечные прорывы, а не комплексное социально-экономическое развитие страны, постольку развитие инвестиционной активности российского предпринимательского сектора должно обрести статус главного драйвера экономического развития

Molecular envelope around the HII region RCW 120

The H II region RCW 120 is a well-known object, which is often considered as a target to verify theoretical models of gas and dust dynamics in the interstellar medium. However, the exact geometry of RCW 120 is still a matter of debate. In this work, we analyse observational data on molecular emission in RCW 120 and show that 13CO(2-1) and C18O(2-1) lines are fitted by a 2D model representing a ring-like face-on structure. The changing of the C18O(3-2) line profile from double-peaked to single-peaked from the dense molecular Condensation 1 might be a signature of stalled expansion in this direction. In order to explain a self-absorption dip of the 13CO(2-1) and 13CO(3-2) lines, we suggest that RCW 120 is surrounded by a diffuse molecular cloud, and find confirmation of this cloud on a map of interstellar extinction. Optically thick 13CO(2-1) emission and the infrared 8 μm PAH band form a neutral envelope of the H II region resembling a ring, while the envelope breaks into separate clumps on images made with optically thin C18O(2-1) line and far-infrared dust emission. © 2019 The Author(s) Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Societ

Mechanical Strength of 17 134 Model Proteins and Cysteine Slipknots

A new theoretical survey of proteins' resistance to constant speed stretching is performed for a set of 17 134 proteins as described by a structure-based model. The proteins selected have no gaps in their structure determination and consist of no more than 250 amino acids. Our previous studies have dealt with 7510 proteins of no more than 150 amino acids. The proteins are ranked according to the strength of the resistance. Most of the predicted top-strength proteins have not yet been studied experimentally. Architectures and folds which are likely to yield large forces are identified. New types of potent force clamps are discovered. They involve disulphide bridges and, in particular, cysteine slipknots. An effective energy parameter of the model is estimated by comparing the theoretical data on characteristic forces to the corresponding experimental values combined with an extrapolation of the theoretical data to the experimental pulling speeds. These studies provide guidance for future experiments on single molecule manipulation and should lead to selection of proteins for applications. A new class of proteins, involving cystein slipknots, is identified as one that is expected to lead to the strongest force clamps known. This class is characterized through molecular dynamics simulations.Comment: 40 pages, 13 PostScript figure

Landscape science: a Russian geographical tradition

The Russian geographical tradition of landscape science (landshaftovedenie) is analyzed with particular reference to its initiator, Lev Semenovich Berg (1876-1950). The differences between prevailing Russian and Western concepts of landscape in geography are discussed, and their common origins in German geographical thought in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries are delineated. It is argued that the principal differences are accounted for by a number of factors, of which Russia's own distinctive tradition in environmental science deriving from the work of V. V. Dokuchaev (1846-1903), the activities of certain key individuals (such as Berg and C. O. Sauer), and the very different social and political circumstances in different parts of the world appear to be the most significant. At the same time it is noted that neither in Russia nor in the West have geographers succeeded in specifying an agreed and unproblematic understanding of landscape, or more broadly in promoting a common geographical conception of human-environment relationships. In light of such uncertainties, the latter part of the article argues for closer international links between the variant landscape traditions in geography as an important contribution to the quest for sustainability

The First Stars

The first stars to form in the Universe -- the so-called Population III stars -- bring an end to the cosmological Dark Ages, and exert an important influence on the formation of subsequent generations of stars and on the assembly of the first galaxies. Developing an understanding of how and when the first Population III stars formed and what their properties were is an important goal of modern astrophysical research. In this review, I discuss our current understanding of the physical processes involved in the formation of Population III stars. I show how we can identify the mass scale of the first dark matter halos to host Population III star formation, and discuss how gas undergoes gravitational collapse within these halos, eventually reaching protostellar densities. I highlight some of the most important physical processes occurring during this collapse, and indicate the areas where our current understanding remains incomplete. Finally, I discuss in some detail the behaviour of the gas after the formation of the first Population III protostar. I discuss both the conventional picture, where the gas does not undergo further fragmentation and the final stellar mass is set by the interplay between protostellar accretion and protostellar feedback, and also the recently advanced picture in which the gas does fragment and where dynamical interactions between fragments have an important influence on the final distribution of stellar masses.Comment: 72 pages, 4 figures. Book chapter to appear in "The First Galaxies - Theoretical Predictions and Observational Clues", 2012 by Springer, eds. V. Bromm, B. Mobasher, T. Wiklin

The Monetary Paradigm of the Market Economy: Retrospective analysis and futuristic Imperatives

The review article positions the materials of the results of the VI International scientifc-practical conference, the content of which is considered from a special angle — through the phenomenon of market economies. Within the framework of the forum, the understanding of the past (in theoretical and applied terms) market model of management and the search for new sources of economic growth were carried out, the fnancial problems accompanying the genesis and evolution of economic life were discussed. The high level of discussion can be judged by the participation in the conference of such well-known post-Soviet scientists as R.M. Nureyev (Russia), B.S. Myrzaliyev (Kazakhstan), G.I. Ganush (Belarus), G.L. Sargsyan (Armenia), N.u. uzakov (uzbekistan) and others. In accordance with the program of the conference, special attention was paid to the analysis of debatable historical, economic, institutional, reproductive and transformational aspects of the phenomenon of the market system of management, explicated through the prism of monetary and fnancial relations. Materials of the conference actualize the development of evolutionary, institutional and interdisciplinary aspects of economic science, as a stage in the deepening of the existing system of knowledge about the phenomenon (objects) that make up the latest areas of Theoretical Economics, and their relationship, revealing a wide range of discussion of methodological and theoretical problems of the phenomenon of market economy. Of particular scientifc and practical interest are the opinions of the forum participants, reflecting the state and vectors of development of modern scientific knowledge in the feld of fnancial instruments of commodity-money relations, showing “bottlenecks” in this segment of economic science. A number of generalizing conclusions and recommendations are aimed at solving problems that are relevant to modern society, such as: strengthening the confrontation between the national and global economy, sanctions counteraction, contradictions of the traditional monetary economy and the emerging use of cryptocurrency. The results of the conference not only acquaint the academic and scientifc community with the trends in the study of the market phenomenon in the CIS but also have a signifcant potential applied interest

PHENOMENON OF MARKET ECONOMY IN REFLECTION OF PUBLIC CONSCIOUSNESS

In thise article judgements of the modern Russian and foreign researchers are considered about the phenomenon of market economy and his refl ection in public consciousness. It is shown that introduction to the scientifi c turn it was not avouched for the classics of economic science of theoretical aspects of circulation of economic life the required stability of height of the labour, competitiveness, general effi ciency of public progress productivity. Attention applies, that, as well as before, researchers are not unanimous in the acceptance of sentence of untransient character of market economy, as and in the conditions of this type of management national and social priorities prevail not always, the problematic achievement of quality modernisation of productive forces and adequate reformation of productive relations is satisfi ed. The authors of the article solidarity with the conclusions, contained in those newest researches, according to that the modern comprehension of the phenomenon of market economy supposes providing of close collaboration of the state and large private structures, crossing and cooperation of their interests. Important is also a conclusion about the insistent necessity of creation in Russia of reliable institutional foundation of legal, economic and organizational infl uence of the state on the decision of vital problems, including a fi ght against corruption forms shadow (unmarket) economic relations

THE PHENOMENON OF THE MARKET ECONOMY

Subject. Investigations carried out and scientific forums related to the problems of the holistic theoretical and methodological insight into socially oriented grounds of the market economy phenomenon in the post-Soviet period are matters of top priority for a large part of the Financial University researchers. Intrinsic, methodological and theoretical problems underlying this phenomenon are considered in the context of research findings obtained by members of the 5th International Scientific and Practical Conference “The Market Economy Phenomenon: From the Origins into Our Days” held by Financial University in cooperation with Kuban State University. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of historical, economic, institutional, reproductive and transformation aspects of the phenomenon of the market economic system. Purpose. Investigation into a wide range of up-to-date debatable methodological and theoretical problems of the market economy phenomenon. Identification of “bottlenecks” in the modern mainstream of the theoretical economic knowledge. Demonstration of the spheres of “the impotence of market mechanisms” subject to overcoming by the scientific and practical community. Methodology. The research is based on the historical and economic approach along with using methods of evolutionary and interdisciplinary analytical tools. Results. Notwithstanding permanent attempts of domestic and foreign economists to provide a conceptual justification of the non-alternative nature of the market organization of the economy, the current theoretical concepts of economic growth have not yet turned into applied tools of the market economy and the economic policy. As the research shows, the only actor able to make the transition of the Russian economy to a new technological tenor is still the state capable of running its investment activity. Conclusion. The key concern of the modern scientific economic community of Russia is to provide the basis for socially oriented theoretical and reformatory programs of the market economy regulation that would ensure the improvement of management practices and promote crisis-free, efficient and progressive socioeconomic development. Since the state investing can ensure only point breakthroughs rather than the overall socio-economic development of the country, due to considerable inherent systemic constraints, the development of investment activity of the Russian business sector should become the main driver of the economic development

The depression type of the Upper Visean-Serpukhovian succession in the Subpolar Urals

The Upper Visean-Serpukhovian deep-water shelf succession is described in the Subpolar Urals. Turbidite model of the sequence forming and direction of the carbonate material transport are proposed. The bioherm and shoal facial belt of the shelf margin is supposed as a main source of the material