Teacher empowerment : its relationship to school structure and teacher motivation.

This study investigated the concept of teacher empowerment and its relationship to school structure and teacher motivation. The focus of the study was on elementary classroom teachers of kindergarten to fifth grade level. The sample (N = 192) was drawn from 21 selected schools representing eight different school districts in southeastern Massachusetts. The researcher utilized a survey questionnaire to test two basic hypotheses: (1) Teachers\u27 perceptions of school structure influence the degree of teacher empowerment evidenced in the school; (2) a school structure based on the teacher empowerment concept enhances teacher motivation. Those teachers who perceived their school structure as democratic reported the presence of more teacher empowerment elements in the school environment and demonstrated greater teacher empowerment than did those teachers who perceived their school structure as autocratic or laissez faire. Teachers who perceived their school structure as democratic indicated that their teaching motivation is provided from a greater variety of sources than do those teachers who perceived their school structure as autocratic or laissez faire. Based on the research findings, the researcher concluded that teachers who perceive their school structure as democratic report more opportunities to exercise teacher empowerment and consequently, evidence greater empowerment than do those in a perceived autocratic or laissez faire structure. The researcher also concluded that a democratic school structure is a facilitating environment for teacher empowerment and enhances teacher motivation by providing a wide range of motivational sources for teachers

Beneath the Veneer of Sex Equity in Education

Consideration of the future prospects for sex equity in education fosters a challenge to create a vision of excellence in education for all

Teachers\u27 Read-Aloud Preferences: Perpetuating Sex-Role Stereotypes

Just what influence does children\u27s literature, sexist or not, have upon socialization of children

Prostate Cancer Survivorship: Prevention and Treatment of the Adverse Effects of Androgen Deprivation Therapy

BACKGROUND: More than one-third of the estimated 2 million prostate cancer survivors in the United States receive androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). This population of mostly older men is medically vulnerable to a variety of treatment-associated adverse effects. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) causes loss of libido, vasomotor flushing, anemia, and fatigue. More recently, ADT has been shown to accelerate bone loss, increase fat mass, increase cholesterol and triglycerides, and decrease insulin sensitivity. Consistent with these adverse metabolic effects, ADT has also recently been associated with greater risks for fractures, diabetes and cardiovascular disease.CONCLUSION: Primary care clinicians and patients should be aware of the potential benefits and harms of ADT. Screening and intervention to prevent treatment-related morbidity should be incorporated into the routine care of prostate cancer survivors. Evidence-based guidelines to prevent fractures, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease in prostate cancer survivors represent an important unmet need. We recommend the adapted use of established practice guidelines designed for the general population

Prostate Cancer Survivorship: Prevention and Treatment of the Adverse Effects of Androgen Deprivation Therapy

BACKGROUND: More than one-third of the estimated 2 million prostate cancer survivors in the United States receive androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). This population of mostly older men is medically vulnerable to a variety of treatment-associated adverse effects. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) causes loss of libido, vasomotor flushing, anemia, and fatigue. More recently, ADT has been shown to accelerate bone loss, increase fat mass, increase cholesterol and triglycerides, and decrease insulin sensitivity. Consistent with these adverse metabolic effects, ADT has also recently been associated with greater risks for fractures, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. CONCLUSION: Primary care clinicians and patients should be aware of the potential benefits and harms of ADT. Screening and intervention to prevent treatment-related morbidity should be incorporated into the routine care of prostate cancer survivors. Evidence-based guidelines to prevent fractures, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease in prostate cancer survivors represent an important unmet need. We recommend the adapted use of established practice guidelines designed for the general population

Estimating forecast error covariances for strongly coupled atmosphere-ocean 4D-Var data assimilation

Strongly coupled data assimilation emulates the real world pairing of the atmosphere and ocean by solving the assimilation problem in terms of a single combined atmosphere-ocean state. A significant challenge in strongly coupled variational atmosphere-ocean data assimilation is a priori specification of the cross-covariances between the errors in the atmosphere and ocean model forecasts. These covariances must capture the correct physical structure of interactions across the air-sea interface as well as the different scales of evolution in the atmosphere and ocean; if prescribed correctly, they will allow observations in one medium to improve the analysis in the other. Here we investigate the nature and structure of atmosphere-ocean forecast error cross-correlations using an idealised strongly coupled single-column atmosphere-ocean 4D-Var assimilation system. We present results from a set of identical twin experiments that use an ensemble of coupled 4D-Var assimilations to derive estimates of the atmosphere-ocean error cross-correlations. Our results show significant variation in the strength and structure of cross-correlations in the atmosphere-ocean boundary layer between summer and winter and between day and night. These differences provide a valuable insight into the nature of coupled atmosphere-ocean correlations for different seasons and points in the diurnal cycle

The role of cross-domain error correlations in strongly coupled 4D-Var atmosphere-ocean data assimilation

Strongly coupled atmosphere-ocean data assimilation offers the ability to improve information exchange across the modelled air-sea interface by enabling observations in one domain to have a direct influence on the analysis in the other. For incremental 4D-Var assimilation a strongly coupled approach enables both domains to be updated at the beginning of the assimilation window, whether they are observed or not, and is hence more likely to produce consistent initial model states. This is made possible by the explicit inclusion of cross-domain forecast error covariance information in the coupled forecast error covariance matrix. In this study we use an idealised 1D single column coupled atmosphere-ocean model to examine the extent to which explicit cross-domain forecast error covariances play a role in shaping the coupled analysis increments compared to those implicitly generated in the inner-loop of the incremental formulation of the 4D-Var algorithm. This is done via a set of single observation experiments with and without initial cross-domain forecast error covariances prescribed. Using single observations allows us to obtain explicit expressions for the atmosphere and ocean analysis updates, separating out the individual effects of the explicitly prescribed and implicitly generated cross-domain covariances. Our experiments show that when only one domain is observed,including explicit cross-domain error covariances allows more consistent adjustment of the unobserved domain. Neglecting the cross-domain terms and relying solely on the covariances implicitly generated by the coupled tangent linear and adjoint models restricts the ability of the covariance matrix to impose balance between the two domains. In this case the coupling is essentially one-way; the update to the observed domain is independent of the unobserved domain and so is likely to produce atmosphere and ocean updates that are inconsistent with one another. As we show, this has important consequences for the balance of the coupled analysis state

County Agent Views About Facilitating Public Education and Discussion of Genetic Engineering Use in Agriculture

We conducted seven focus groups with Extension agents from three northeast states in Spring 2000 to learn what agents knew about genetic engineering (GE) applications in agriculture, their view of Extension\u27s role in public discussion and education, and the training needed to assume such a role. While participating agents together knew a fair amount about their target audiences\u27 perceptions of GE, they felt unprepared to deal with the challenges of public issues education in light of the current public debate, the publics\u27 low science literacy, and their own science background. Their expressed training needs reflected these challenges