Control unit in optical tomography

Control unit is important part in any process tomography. This unit will ensure the smoothness of overall system. Knowledge in programming the microcontroller is really needed to ensure the success of any project. This section will give the reader some knowledge about RS232 communication using PIC18F4520 and C language as a software tools to program the code

Optical tomography: Image improvement using mixed projection of parallel and fan beam modes

Mixed parallel and fan beam projection is a technique used to increase the quality images. This research focuses on enhancing the image quality in optical tomography. Image quality can be defined by measuring the Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Normalized Mean Square Error (NMSE) parameters. The findings of this research prove that by combining parallel and fan beam projection, the image quality can be increased by more than 10%in terms of its PSNR value and more than 100% in terms of its NMSE value compared to a single parallel beam

Measurement and analysis of water/oil multiphase flow using electrical capacitance tomography sensor

The paper investigates the capability of using a portable 16-segmented Electrical Capacitance Tomo-graphy (ECT) sensor and a new excitation technique to measure the concentration profile of water/oil multiphase flow. The concentration profile obtained from the capacitance measurements is capable of providing images of the water and oil flow in the pipeline. The visualization results deliver information regarding the flow regime and concentration distribution of the multiphase flow. The information is able to help in designing process equipment and verifying the existing computational modeling and simu-lation techniques

Electronic design of portable ECT for crude palm oil quality monitoring system

This paper presents the process of visualizing the composition of a crude palm oil (CPO) during separator process which collects the recovered crude palm oil from the liquid waste before separation process, in order to monitor the percentage· of load waste p1·esent using a tomographic technique by Portable. Electrical Capacitance Tomog­raphy (ECT) so that the process separation {separate oil and water/sludge) becomes much easier and the quality of crude palm oil can be reliably monitored. Palm oils industry is one of the largest production, producer and exporter of palm oil and palm oil prod­ucts countries in the world. Oil Palm was first introduced to Malaysia in year 1875 as an ornamental plant. .Malaysia has the mast ideal climate conditions for growing oil palm. The growth of the palm oil industry in Malaysia has been phenomenal over the last 4 decades. Nevertheless, palm oil industry is one of the most pollution generating agro industries in Malaysia. One of the major problems arises from the oil palm fruit processing is the large amount of wastes generated during the processes. There are two main wastes resulted from operation of a Palm Oil Mill, namely solid waste and liquid waste. The solid waste may consist of palm Kernel shells, mesocary fibers and empty fruit bunches. The liquid waste generated from extraction of palm oil of a wet process comes mainly from oil room after separator or decanter. There is no monitoring system that is currently available in our local palm oil mill to visualize the percentage of load waste present inside the vessel. Therefore, the system is aimed to become an instrument to support the local and foreign palm oil mills to efficiently control in monitoring the quality of crude palm oil flow in the conveying pipeline during extraction of palm oil mill process. The monitoring system is able to visualize the percentage of load waste present inside the vessel so that the data can be used to design better process equipment in mill process or to control certain processes in order to maximize the quality of crude palm oil and the POME treatment process can be improved

Optical tomography experimental setup : a study on reflection effect

The selection types of material to be used as an obstacle or a sensor jig is really important before doing any decision about what material to be used in Optical Tomography. An experiment needs to be done to analyze the performance of each type of material. In this paper, the selection is between Aluminium and PVC (Polyvinyl chloride) whether they are suitable as an obstacle or more suitable for the sensor jig design. With the experiment, we can see the theory behind it, that showing the trustiness of the experiment that has been done

Ultrasonic tomography - image reconstruction algorithms

This paper focuses on image reconstruction algorithms for use in ultrasonic tomography. There are three types of algorithms namely Linear Back Projection, Hybrid Reconstruction and Hybrid Binary Reconstruction that are of interest. The algorithms have been evaluated on ultrasonic tomography system based on several known phantoms and real objects. The performance of the algorithms have been analyzed and discussed at the end of the paper. A recommendation of suitable reconstruction algorithm for liquid/gas flows has also been made at the end of the paper

The linearity of optical tomography: sensor model and experimental verification

The aim of this paper is to show the linearization of optical sensor. Linearity of the sensor response is a must in optical tomography application, which affects the tomogram result. Two types of testing are used namely, testing using voltage parameter and testing with time unit parameter. For the former, the testing is by measuring the voltage when the obstacle is placed between transmitter and receiver. The obstacle diameters are between 0.5 until 3 mm. The latter is also the same testing but the obstacle is bigger than the former which is 59.24 mm and the testing purpose is to measure the time unit spend for the ball when it cut the area of sensing circuit. Both results show a linear relation that proves the optical sensors is suitable for process tomography application

The linearity of optical tomography: sensor model and experimental verification

The aim of this paper is to show the linearization of optical sensor. Linearity of the sensor response is a must in optical tomography application, which affects the tomogram result. Two types of testing are used namely, testing using voltage parameter and testing with time unit parameter. For the former, the testing is by measuring the voltage when the obstacle is placed between transmitter and receiver. The obstacle diameters are between 0.5 until 3 mm. The latter is also the same testing but the obstacle is bigger than the former which is 59.24 mm and the testing purpose is to measure the time unit spend for the ball when it cut the area of sensing circuit. Both results show a linear relation that proves the optical sensors is suitable for process tomography application

Charge-Coupled Device Based on an Optical Tomography System for Monitoring Multiphase Flow

Tomography is a method to capture a cross sectional image based on the data obtained by sensors, distributed around the periphery of the analyzed system. Optical tomography is one of the tomography methods which are non-invasive and non-intrusive system, consisting of emitter with detectors. Combinations of Charge-Coupled Device and low intensity laser diode are used in this research. Experiments on air bubbles detecting in non-flowing crystal clear water are conducted. Cross-sectional image of two phase flow; air and liquid are captured using this optical hardware construction and the information on air diameter, shape and path are observed using LabVIEW programming

Development of a new single-phase field excitation flux switching motor topology with segmental rotor

Diverse topology of three-phase and single-phase Field Excitation Flux Switching Machines (FEFSMs) that have been developed recently have several advantages such as variable flux capability and the single piece structure of rotor suitable for high-speed applications. However, a salient rotor structure has led to a longer flux path resulting in high flux leakage and higher rotor weight. Meanwhile, overlap windings between armature and Field Excitation Coil (FEC) have caused the problems of high end coil increased size of motor and high copper losses. Therefore, a new topology of singlephase non-overlap windings 12S-6P FEFSM segmented rotor with the advantages of less weight and non-overlap between armature coil and FEC windings is presented. The design, flux linkage, back-EMF, cogging torque, average torque, speed, and power of this new topology are investigated by JMAG-Designer via a 2D-FEA. As a results the proposed motor has achieved torque and power of 0.91Nm and 293W, respectively. To prove the simulation result based on 2D-FEA, experimental test is performed and the armature back-EMF was observed with FE current of 4A is supplied. Finally, at the speed of 500 rpm and 3000 rpm, the back-EMF is 2.75 V and 16.13 V, respectively. The simulation results showed reasonable agreement with the experimental results, approximately difference range from 4.9% to 7.4%