Field Characteristic of Metamorphic-Hosted Gold Deposit in Sulawesi, Indonesia: An insight into Awak Mas Prospect, South Sulawesi

Metamorphic-hosted gold deposit is found in Awak Mas, South Sulawesi. This area is characterized by mountainous topography in the western part and relatively flat area in the eastern part and consists of Pre-Tertiary, Tertiary and and Quaternary rocks. Some samples including host-rock, basement and quartz vein were collected and observed during 4 days field work. Mineralization is recognized by the occurrence of pyrite and irregular body of silicified breccia vein. Two main styles of mineralization consists of 1) broad and shallow-dipping zones of sheeted and stockwork quartz veining and associated alteration that conform to the shear fabric, especially within the dark, graphitic mudstones; 2) steeper dipping zones of quartz veining and breccias associated with high-angle faults cutting both the flyschoid cover sequence and basement metamorphic rocks. Gold mineralization is considered as mesothermal deposit which is characterized by albite-pyrite-silica-carbonate alteration overprinted the ductile fabric associated with deformation and metamorphism. The gold is commonly hosted within the flysch sequence and associated with abundant quartz veining and silica albite-pyrite alteration. However, the association of gold and quartz is not ubiquitous and some vein zones are locally barren of mineralization

Enhanced nonlinear optical response in zwitterionic molecules: a computational study on the role of orbital interactions through σbonds

Ab initio coupled perturbated Hartree-Fock calculations, using 6-31G basis sets, on a heterocyclic zwitterionic molecule with a σ-spacer between the donor and the acceptor ring shows a static first hyperpolarizability (β<SUB>0</SUB>) of around 240 x 10<SUB>-30</SUB> esu. Substitution of electron withdrawing functional groups, such as NO<SUB>2</SUB>, on the acceptor ring of this molecule enhances the β<SUB>0</SUB> value to around 3960 x 10<SUP>-30</SUP> esu. Studies on various such zwitterionic molecules demonstrate the importance of π-σ orbital mixing (through bond interaction) between the π -aromatic rings and the σ-spacers in enhancing the nonlinear optical (NLO) response. Analysis of the transitions reveals low oscillator strengths, large changes in the dipole moments, and very low energy charge transfers that take place in the excited states of the molecule, while in the ground state they are stabilized in a charge separated resonance form. This is mainly responsible for the large NLO response. MP2 calculations on small molecules with dominant through bond interactions show that the inclusion of electron correlation further enhances the β<SUB>0</SUB> value. The molecules, which have a strong IR absorption, have potential applications in filters, polarizers, optical recording, etc

First hyperpolarizability of some nonconjugated donor-acceptor 3D molecules: noncentrosymmetric crystal through conformational flexibility

Four derivatives of 2,4,6-tris(benzylamino)-1,3,5-triazine are synthesized and detailed computational and nonlinear optical investigations are carried out. Computations indicate near degenerate conformations (C<SUB>3</SUB> and C<SUB>1</SUB> symmetry) in all systems in the gas phase; the dipole moments are also of similar magnitude in all of them except molecule 4 [2,4,6-tris(4-fluorobenzylamino)-1,3,5-triazine]. HRS measurements of these molecules in solution reveal moderately large β values; structure-property relations are analyzed through computations. These molecules have one added advantage of nearly 100% optical transmission through the visible range, due to the nonconjugated structure. Molecule 4 crystallizes in a noncentrosymmetric structure by adopting the conformation with the lower dipole moment; it also shows optical SHG in the solid state

Mass drug administration for lymphatic filariasis elimination in a coastal state of India: a study on barriers to coverage and compliance

Lymphatic filariasis is targeted for elimination in India through mass drug administration (MDA) with diethylcarbamazine (DEC) combined with albendazole (ABZ). For the strategy to be effective, >65% of those living in endemic areas must be covered by and compliant to MDA. Post the MDA 2011 campaign in the endemic district of Odisha, we conducted a survey to assess: (i) the filariasis knowledge in the community, (ii) the coverage and compliance of MDA from the community perspective, and (iii) factors affecting compliance, as well as the operational issues involved in carrying out MDA activities from the drug distributor's perspective.A sample of 691 participants - both male and female, aged two years or above - were selected through multistage stratified sampling and interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. Additionally, drug distributors and the medical officers in charge of the MDA were also interviewed to understand some of the operational issues encountered during MDA.Ninety-nine percent of the study participants received DEC and ABZ tablets during MDA, of which only just above a quarter actually consumed the drugs. The cause of non-compliance was mostly due to fear of side effects, lack of awareness of the benefits of MDA, and non-attendance of health staff in the villages. Lack of adequate training of drug distributors and poor health communication activities before the MDA campaign commenced and the absence of follow-up by health workers following MDA were a few of the operational difficulties encountered during the MDA campaign.Currently MDA is restricted to the distribution of drugs only and the key issues of implementation in compliance, health education, managing side effects, and logistics are not given enough attention. It is therefore essential to address the issues linked to low compliance to make the program more efficient and achieve the goal of filariasis elimination

Dual RNA-Sequencing of Eucalyptus nitens during Phytophthora cinnamomi Challenge Reveals Pathogen and Host Factors Influencing Compatibility

Damage caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands remains an important concern on forest tree species. The pathogen causes root and collar rot, stem cankers, and dieback of various economically important Eucalyptus spp. In South Africa, susceptible cold tolerant Eucalyptus plantations have been affected by various Phytophthora spp. with P. cinnamomi considered one of the most virulent. The molecular basis of this compatible interaction is poorly understood. In this study, susceptible Eucalyptus nitens plants were stem inoculated with P. cinnamomi and tissue was harvested five days post inoculation. Dual RNA-sequencing, a technique which allows the concurrent detection of both pathogen and host transcripts during infection, was performed. Approximately 1% of the reads mapped to the draft genome of P. cinnamomi while 78% of the reads mapped to the Eucalyptus grandis genome. The highest expressed P. cinnamomi gene in planta was a putative crinkler effector (CRN1). Phylogenetic analysis indicated the high similarity of this P. cinnamomi CRN1 to that of Phytophthora infestans. Some CRN effectors are known to target host nuclei to suppress defense. In the host, over 1400 genes were significantly differentially expressed in comparison to mock inoculated trees, including suites of pathogenesis related (PR) genes. In particular, a PR-9 peroxidase gene with a high similarity to a Carica papaya PR-9 ortholog previously shown to be suppressed upon infection by Phytophthora palmivora was down-regulated two-fold. This PR-9 gene may represent a cross-species effector target during P. cinnamomi infection. This study identified pathogenicity factors, potential manipulation targets, and attempted host defense mechanisms activated by E. nitens that contributed to the susceptible outcome of the interaction