Svrsishodnost statistike: žrtve ratnog i poslijeratnog nasilja u Hrvatskoj i Bosni (1991-1999)

Violent conflict in former Yugoslavia triggered unvoluntary migration as well as ethnic cleansing in war effected areas. All types of movements of people were accompanied by various levels and intensity of war crimes and human rights abuse. Official state statistics did not follow these movements by reliable data. Therefore, concerned researchers and activists tried to grasp the picture by applying then available instruments of data collecting procedures to refugees (in Croatia). It became clear that those instruments were of rather limited use for the specific events of human rights abuse on territory and population concerned (Bosnia, Croatia). Shortcomings were both of substantive and procedural (specific programs) nature. With war activities ended, NGOs - working with women war victims - decided to start follow up study on militarization of the society and post-war violence against women. The focus was on incidences of beating, harassment, sexual abuse, and homicide of female population in the last decade as being informed about in newspapers. The goal of the study was to present statistics on violence against women to judiciary and parliament in order to get Criminal law reformed. Applied were the instruments available for the human rights abuse documentation (HURIDOCS): again, it became obvious that these instruments were of limited use for statistically informed legislature. Therefore NGOs decided to apply statistical packages available to refine data and make them readable to other NGOs and government. The paper argues that basic concepts of official statistics and instruments available for statistical elaboration of human rights abuse should be refined in order to get data more powerful in arguing the need for legislator’s action.Ratna i poslijeratna nasilja te politike etničkih čišćenja na području bivše Jugoslavije uzrokovala su prinudne migracije stanovništva. U razdoblju 1991 - 1997 stotine tisuća ljudi promijenile su prebivališta. Ti su tokovi bili popraćeni nasiljem i ratnim zločinima, te zlouporabom i ugrožavanjem ljudskih prava. Tijekom sukoba i poslije njih najistaknutija su tri problema: a) kako detektirati, prikupiti i pohraniti podatke o učestalosti i brojnosti raznih tipova nasilja i zlouporabe ljudskih prava, b) problem tipologije, klasifikacije nasilja, c) pouzdanosti i vjerodostojnosti prikupljenih podataka. Kao i u dosada poznatim slučajevima velikih sukoba i civilnih žrtava pokazalo se da vladine statističke službe nisu u stanju pouzdano i vjerodostojno odigrati svoju ulogu. Rat u Hrvatskoj i Bosni (1991-1997) bjelodano je pokazao da u vrijeme najveće potražnje za statističkim podacima o nasilju i zlouporabi ljudskih prava, mjesto vladinih službenih statističkih agensa zauzimaju nevladine udruge i međunarodne organizacije koje, svaka iz svog ugla, pribiru i klasificiraju te obrađuju podatke upitne pouzdanosti. Na taj se način nastavlja i u poslijeratnim prilikama: temeljni parametri stabilizacije ljudi u prostoru - mehaničko i prirodno kretanje stanovništva, prijelaz na mirnodopske migracije i planirane dislokacije stanovništva - rezultat su heteronomnih izvora i mitova o brojkama. Stabiliziranje društva pak traži vjerodostojne i pouzdane podatke o poslijeratnom nasilju. Prikupljanje, klasifikacija i tipologija takvih podataka državu zanima prema prilikama: ako tome i pristupi, službena joj statistika u tome ne pomaže. U ovom se radu prikazuje studij slučaja jedne od takvih akcija: kako se, kojim instrumentarijem i na kojoj razini pouzdanosti nevladine udruge specifičnog profila suočavaju s ratnim nasiljem te novim i raširenim tipom poslijeratnog nasilja u Hrvatskoj - nasiljem nad ženama. Osnovna teza rada je da je nevladina udruga, ako je opremljena ekspertnim znanjem i temeljnom mrežom međunarodnih kontakata, u stanju za neko vrijeme preuzeti funkcije službenog vladinog statističara. Nevladina udruga ima prednost u inicijativi, fleksibilnosti, brzom stjecanju i proliferaciji ekspertnih sistema u stvaranju specifičnih data baza; no u fazi primjene to jest planiranja politika, suočava se neminovno s prirodnim granicama svoje kompetentnosti. U toj bi se točki morao dogoditi prijenos znanja i djelovanja na zakonodavca

Uspon silovatelja: etnicitet, rod i nasilje

The paper examines two cases of rape as politics where violence, gender, ethnicity intersected with tragic consequences. First, the Serbian media campaign against the Albanians as rapists in Kosovo in 1990 has been examined; secondly, the rape as politics of ethnic cleansing in the Serbian aggression in Bosnia in 1992-1993 was analyzed. It has been shown that Serbian media’s rape campaign against Kosovo Albanians as perpetrators has been prelude to the actual rapes by Serbian soldiers in Bosnia. In both cases, rape served as the special mean for defining the boundary of the Serbian ethnic niche in the Balkans.Članak raspravlja o uporabi silovanja kao politike u slučajevima kada se, do tragičnih posljedica, ukrštaju nasilje, rod i etnicitet. Prvo se ispituje kampanja srbijanskih medija 1990. na Kosovu protiv Albanaca kao silovatelja; zatim se analizira upotreba silovanja u prinudnom etničkom čišćenju prilikom srpske agresije na Bosnu, 1992-1993. Pokazuje se da je kampanja na Kosovu bila predigra stvarnom silovanju u Bosni. U oba je slučaja silovanje poslužilo u ograđivanju teritorija i definiranju srpske etničke niše na Balkanu

Uspon silovatelja: etnicitet, rod i nasilje

The paper examines two cases of rape as politics where violence, gender, ethnicity intersected with tragic consequences. First, the Serbian media campaign against the Albanians as rapists in Kosovo in 1990 has been examined; secondly, the rape as politics of ethnic cleansing in the Serbian aggression in Bosnia in 1992-1993 was analyzed. It has been shown that Serbian media’s rape campaign against Kosovo Albanians as perpetrators has been prelude to the actual rapes by Serbian soldiers in Bosnia. In both cases, rape served as the special mean for defining the boundary of the Serbian ethnic niche in the Balkans.Članak raspravlja o uporabi silovanja kao politike u slučajevima kada se, do tragičnih posljedica, ukrštaju nasilje, rod i etnicitet. Prvo se ispituje kampanja srbijanskih medija 1990. na Kosovu protiv Albanaca kao silovatelja; zatim se analizira upotreba silovanja u prinudnom etničkom čišćenju prilikom srpske agresije na Bosnu, 1992-1993. Pokazuje se da je kampanja na Kosovu bila predigra stvarnom silovanju u Bosni. U oba je slučaja silovanje poslužilo u ograđivanju teritorija i definiranju srpske etničke niše na Balkanu

Migration of young Croatian scientists

The migration from Croatia during transitions period assumed a form of drain rather than circulation of labor. The exact scale of brain drain remains unknown because the topic of external migration of scientists had been neglected for years and is still insufficiently investigated. Scientists who migrate have high educational qualifications as well as specific motives (self–development and educational reasons for leaving). The multiple regression analysis (N=536) and predictors achieved show that potential migrants are mostly young scientists that are satisfied with their positioning within the current system of opportunities but not satisfied with their perspectives in Croatia. E-researches and the new kinds of collaboration help the transformation of brain drain process into brain circulation. The EU has been developing positive immigration policies, especially favorable to highly qualified immigrants from the field of natural sciences and computer technology. It could be expected that Croatia will experience in the next few years both circulation of labor and outgoing/ingoing brain drain; the latter from surrounding Balkan countries. The problem is still persisting inadequate social valorization of science subsystem in Croatia

Emigração de jovens cientistas do Sudeste Europeu: o caso da Croácia

IN PORTUGUESE: As migrações de quadros altamente qualificados dos países em transição, incluindo a Croácia, assume mais a forma de “evasão” do que de circulação de trabalho. A emigração de recursos humanos altamente qualificados da Croácia tem a sua abordagem contrafactual (populista) mas, também factual (baseada em investigação). A última abordagem mostra que na Croácia, a “fuga de cérebros” tem actualmente o valor que foi estimado pelos investigadores em 1990. Este artigo discute os resultados de um inquérito realizado em 2000, cujo objectivo era recolher dados sobre a potencial “fuga de cérebros” entre 536 jovens recém-licenciados, assistentes de investigação da Universidade de Zagreb. Políticas e investigações relacionadas com jovens cientistas são abordadas de modo crítico num contexto internacional. Os resultados das análises de regressão múltipla mostram que os emigrantes potenciais são maioritariamente jovens cientistas que estão satisfeitos com o seu posicionamento no sistema actual de oportunidades mas que, ao mesmo tempo, não estão satisfeitos com as suas perspectivas de carreira na Croácia. ---------- IN ENGLISH: Migration of highly skilled labour from countries in transition, including Croatia, assumes a form of «drain» rather than «circulation» of labour. The emigration of highly skilled human resources from Croatia has its counterfactual (populist) aspect as well as a factual (research based) one. The latter shows the ongoing trend of brain drain, predicted by researchers in Croatia in 1990. The article discusses the results of a survey aiming at collecting data on potential brain drain among 536 young graduate students and research assistants of the University of Zagreb, carried out in 2000. Policies and research in Croatia related to young scientists are critically approached and evaluated within an international framework. The multiple regression analysis shows that potential migrants are mostly young scientists that are highly satisfied with their positioning within the current system of opportunities but not satisfied with their carrier perspectives in Croatia

Potencijalni i stvarni "odljev" znanstvenog podmlatka iz Hrvatske: empirijsko istraživanje

IN CROATIAN: Migracija visokoobrazovanih iz tranzicijskih zemalja pridobiva oblik cirkulacije iako se kao dominantan zadržava oblik odljeva. Proces iscrpljivanja kontingenata ljudskog kapitala u Hrvatskoj ima svoju populističku (preuveličane brojke) i činjeničnu osnovu (istraživanja). Potonje pokazuju da se u ovom desetljeću nastavlja trend odljeva što su ga prediktirali istraživači u Hrvatskoj 1990. godine. Članak izlaže rezultate empirijske studije potencijalnog odljeva mladih znanstvenika novaka (N = 536: anketa) na Zagrebačkom sveučilištu 2000. g. Multiplom regresijskom analizom pridobivene su prediktorske varijable (potencijalnog) emigriranja mladih u odnosu na kriterijsku varijablu odlazak. Nalaz je da su odlasku najskloniji novaci koji su zadovoljni svojim poslom ali su nezadovoljni perspektivom u Hrvatskoj. ---------- IN ENGLISH: Migration of highly skilled from countries in transition, Croatia included, assumes a form of “drain” rather than “circulation” of labor. Drain of highly skilled human resources from Croatia has its populistic (counterfactual) publicity as well as factual (research based) one. The latter show the ongoing trend of brain drain, predicted by researchers in Croatia in 1990. The article discusses the results of a survey destined to collect data on potential brain drain, made in 2000 among young graduate students and research assistants (No = 536) at Zagreb University. Policies and research in Crotia towards highly skilled young scientist are critically aproached and evaluated within international framework. The multiple regression analysis and predictors achieved show that potential migrants are mostly young scientists that are highly satisfied with their positioning within the current system of opportunities but not satisfied with their perspectives in Croatia

Društveni utjecaji emigracije i migracija selo–grad u Hrvatskoj: 1991. – 2011.

The paper explores the social impacts of emigration and rural-urban migration in Croatia, focusing on the period from 1991 to 2011. In this period, Croatia has experienced conflict and post-conflict-induced population movements, followed by a period of normalization of migration flows. The paper explores, in detail, labour migration and impacts on labour markets, in the context of skills shortages in Croatia. The role of remittances and social security agreements are also addressed. The paper addresses the problems of institutional support and of migration policy, making a series of recommendations for policy makers to minimize the social costs of migration and, instead, ensure that migration contributes to social development.U radu se istražuju društveni utjecaji emigracije i migracija selo–grad u Hrvatskoj, posebice između 1991. i 2011. U tom razdoblju u Hrvatskoj je došlo do kretanja stanovništva potaknutoga ratnim i poratnim događajima, nakon čega je nastupilo razdoblje normalizacije migracijskih tokova. U radu se detaljno istražuju radne migracije i njihov utjecaj na tržišta rada u kontekstu nedostatka kvalificirane radne snage u Hrvatskoj. Osim toga rad ispituje ulogu doznaka i socijalnih sporazuma. Nakon rasprave o problemima institucionalne potpore i migracijske politike autori daju niz preporuka kreatorima politike za smanjivanje društvenih troškova migracija kako bi one pridonijele društvenom razvoju

Normative and Institutional Aspect of Self-management in Work Organizations and Agriculture

The article is the result of an examination of the statutes and other normative acts 111 six agricultural work organizations, and it discusses separately the normative ana institutional conditions of self-management. The authoress deals in greater detail with what he regards as the basic condition tor an intensive^ participation of workers, and with their motives for participation. She then points out one of the elements of these motives, i. e. the workers being informed about operational developments in the work organization She believes that one of the most important means of information — i. e. autonomous acts — is inadequate in many respects. The normative acts of the work organizations studied by the authoress have in most cases been copied partly from legal acts and partly from the acts of other work organizations; they are written in an involved style which workers cannot understand; at the same time they are non-functional as can be seen from the fact that they are frequently rewritten. a i^S *a the mechanism of direct management itself is not consistently developed First o fall, according to the authoress, the system of links and relations between the various levels of management within the work organization is too complicated. After stating that he complicated nature of the mechanism of management is one of the reasons for its ineffectiveness, the authoress describes the mosl frequent cases resulting from this ineffectivenes. The worst consequence of inef fectiveness, in her view, is the »subversion of the democratic process«, which however, is difficult to prove with figures since it would require detailed investigation. In conclusion the authoress puts foward the view that the use of a simpler and clearer language in normative acts and consistent work on the education and instruction of workers could ensure that the system of direct management acquires its full meaning in this particular branch of the economy