Price Inflation of Financial Goods

This paper includes a description of measurement methods of Polish inflation of financial lnstruments and graphic presentation oľ Ume series obtained quarterly from 1993.2 to 2000.3, as Well as economic comments on the results. Inflation of financial instruments is constructed as indices of aggregate returns from those assets. The formulas mentioned above were made °n the well known Laspeyres-type and Paashe-type index basis and applied to Polish financial markets of money, stocks and bonds.Celem artykułu jest omówienie wzorów obliczeniowych tzw. cenowej inflacji finansowych dóbr inwestycyjnych polskiej gospodarki, rozumianych jako indeksy zespołowe zyskowności z tych dóbr, prezentacja graficzna otrzymanych kwartalnych szeregów czasowych tych indeksów za okres 1993.2-2000.3, a także ekonomiczny komentarz do otrzymanych szeregów. Obliczenia dotyczą polskich finansowych rynków pieniądza, akcji i obligacji. W rachunkach wykorzystano znany wzór na indeks Laspeyresa i Paaschego.Zadanie pt. „Digitalizacja i udostępnienie w Cyfrowym Repozytorium Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego kolekcji czasopism naukowych wydawanych przez Uniwersytet Łódzki” nr 885/P-DUN/2014 zostało dofinansowane ze środków MNiSW w ramach działalności upowszechniającej nauk

Price Inflation of Financial Goods

This paper includes a description of measurement methods of Polish inflation of financial lnstruments and graphic presentation oľ Ume series obtained quarterly from 1993.2 to 2000.3, as Well as economic comments on the results. Inflation of financial instruments is constructed as indices of aggregate returns from those assets. The formulas mentioned above were made °n the well known Laspeyres-type and Paashe-type index basis and applied to Polish financial markets of money, stocks and bonds.Celem artykułu jest omówienie wzorów obliczeniowych tzw. cenowej inflacji finansowych dóbr inwestycyjnych polskiej gospodarki, rozumianych jako indeksy zespołowe zyskowności z tych dóbr, prezentacja graficzna otrzymanych kwartalnych szeregów czasowych tych indeksów za okres 1993.2-2000.3, a także ekonomiczny komentarz do otrzymanych szeregów. Obliczenia dotyczą polskich finansowych rynków pieniądza, akcji i obligacji. W rachunkach wykorzystano znany wzór na indeks Laspeyresa i Paaschego

Biomass Thermochemical Conversion via Pyrolysis with Integrated CO2 Capture

The presented work is focused on biomass thermochemical conversion with integrated CO2 capture. The main aim of this study was the in-depth investigation of the impact of pyrolysis temperature (500, 600 and 700 °C) and CaO sorbent addition on the chemical and physical properties of obtained char and syngas. Under the effect of the pyrolysis temperature, the properties of biomass chars were gradually changed, and this was confirmed by examination using thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and porosimetry methods. The chars were characterised by a noticeable carbon content (two times at 700 °C) resulting in a lower O/C ratio. The calculated combustion indexes indicated the better combustible properties of chars. In addition, structural morphology changes were observed. However, the increasing pyrolysis temperature resulted in changes of solid products; the differences of char properties were not significant in the range of 500 to 700 °C. Syngas was analysed using a gas chromatograph. The following main components were identified: CO, CO2, CH4, H2 and C2H4, C2H6, C3H6, C3H8. A significant impact of CaO on CO2 adsorption was found. The concentration of CO2 in syngas decreased with increased temperature, and the highest decrease occurred in the presence of CaO from above 60% to below 30% at 600 °C

Pyrolysis of Biomass Wastes into Carbon Materials

This study presents the results of the biomass pyrolysis process focusing on biochar production and its potential energetic (as solid fuel) and material (as adsorbent) applications. Three kinds of biomass waste were investigated: wheat straw, spent coffee grounds, and brewery grains. The pyrolysis process was carried out under nitrogen atmosphere at 400 and 500 °C (residence time of 20 min). A significant increase in the carbon content was observed in the biochars, e.g., from 45% to 73% (at 400 °C) and 77% (at 500 °C) for spent coffee grounds. In addition, the structure and morphology were investigated using scanning electron microscopy. Thermal properties were studied using a simultaneous thermal analysis under an oxidising atmosphere. The chemical activation was completed using KOH. The sorption properties of the obtained biochars were tested using chromium ion (Cr3+) adsorption from liquid solution. The specific surface area and average pore diameter of each sample were determined using the BET method. Finally, it was found that selected biochars can be applied as adsorbent or a fuel. In detail, brewery grains-activated carbon had the highest surface area, wheat straw-activated carbon adsorbed the highest amount of Cr3+, and wheat straw chars presented the best combustion properties

Evaluation of Physical and Chemical Properties of Residue from Gasification of Biomass Wastes

Thermochemical conversion of biomass waste is a high potential option for increasing usage of renewable energy sources and transferring wastes into the circular economy. This work focuses on the evaluation of the energetic and adsorption properties of solid residue (char) of the gasification process. Gasification experiments of biomass wastes (wheat straw, hay and pine sawdust) were carried out in a vertical fixed bed reactor, under a CO2 atmosphere and at various temperatures (800, 900 and 1000 °C). The analysis of the energy properties of the obtained chars included elemental and thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis. TGA results indicated that the chars have properties similar to those of coal; subjected data were used to calculate key combustion parameters. As part of the analysis of adsorption properties, BET, SEM, FTIR and dynamic methanol vapor sorption tests were conducted. The specific surface area has risen from 0.42–1.91 m2/g (biomass) to 419–891 m2/g (char). FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the influence of gasification on the decomposition of characteristic chemical compounds for biomass. Methanol sorption has revealed for the 900 °C chars of pine sawdust the highest sorption capacity and its mass change was 24.15% at P/P0 = 90%. Selected chars might be an appropriate material for volatile organic compounds sorption

Multiphase analysis of hydrochars obtained by anaerobic digestion of municipal solid waste organic fraction

Digestate is a nutrient-rich substance produced by anaerobic digestion that contains organic, inorganic, and biological matter. The European Nitrates Directive (91/676/EEC) provides regulations regarding the wider implementation of the digestate. Owing to a significant amount of organic matter in the digestate, it can be utilised as a solid biofuel, soil amendment substance, or substrate for activated carbon production. However, the solid by-products of the anaerobic digestion of the municipal solid waste wet fraction cannot be used for such applications because it is still considered a waste. Hydrothermal carbonisation (HTC) was investigated as a pre-treatment method for the digestate obtained by anaerobic digestion of the municipal solid waste wet fraction. HTC was carried out at temperatures of 180, 200 and 230 °C and residence times of 30, 60 and 120 min. The value of pressure was determined based on water temperature and partial pressure of the gaseous by-products. The HTC process resulted in changes in the physical and chemical properties of the hydrochars compared to those of the raw materials. A temperature of 200 °C and residence time of 60 min during HTC were optimal for energy consumption; this hydrochar exhibited the best combustion parameters and physical properties (specific surface area)

Industrial Process Description for the Recovery of Agricultural Water From Digestate

Currently, the reclamation and reuse of water have not reached their full potential, although more energy is needed to obtain and transport freshwater and this solution has a more serious environmental impact. Agricultural irrigation is, by far, the largest application of reclaimed water worldwide, so the proposed concept may result in the production of water that can be used, among others, for crop irrigation. This paper describes a novel installation for the recovery of the agricultural water from the digestate, along with the results of initial experiments. Currently, water is wasted, due to evaporation, in anaerobic digestion plants, as the effluent from dewatering of the digestate is discharged into lagoons. Moreover, water that stays within the interstitial space of the digestate is lost in a similar fashion. With increasing scarcity of water in rural areas, such waste should not be neglected. The study indicates that hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) enhances mechanical dewatering of the agricultural digestate and approximately 900 L of water can be recovered from one ton. Dewatered hydrochars had a lower heating value of almost 10 MJ/kg, indicating the possibility of using it as a fuel for the process. The aim of this Design Innovation Paper is to outline the newly developed concept of an installation that could enable recovery of water from, so far, the neglected resource—i.e., digestate from anaerobic digestion plants

Zarządzanie podmiotami leczniczymi - bezpieczeństwo pacjentów i sposoby ograniczania ryzyka szpitali

Praca recenzowana / peer-reviewed paperTematyka prezentowanej monografii obejmuje wszystkie aktualne zagadnienia związane z zarządzaniem szpitalami, ze szczególnym zwróceniem uwagi na zarządzanie ryzykiem oraz zapewnienie bezpieczeństwa pacjentów i personelu. Praca napisana została przez zespół ekspertów i praktyków. Uwzględniono w niej najnowszy stan prawny, który uległ w ostatnim czasie dużym zmianom. Ponadto, w sposób szczegółowy i nowatorski, zwrócono uwagę na zagadnienia poprawy bezpieczeństwa pacjentów przez stosowanie procedur zmniejszających ryzyko wystąpienia zdarzeń niepożądanych oraz sposoby ubezpieczania tego ryzyka i kompensacji ewentualnych szkód