Decomposing elements of a right self-injective ring

It was proved independently by both Wolfson [An ideal theoretic characterization of the ring of all linear transformations, Amer. J. Math. 75 (1953), 358-386] and Zelinsky [Every Linear Transformation is Sum of Nonsingular Ones, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 5 (1954), 627-630] that every linear transformation of a vector space $V$ over a division ring $D$ is the sum of two invertible linear transformations except when $V$ is one-dimensional over $\mathbb Z_2$. This was extended by Khurana and Srivastava [Right self-injective rings in which each element is sum of two units, J. Algebra and its Appl., Vol. 6, No. 2 (2007), 281-286] who proved that every element of a right self-injective ring $R$ is the sum of two units if and only if $R$ has no factor ring isomorphic to $\mathbb Z_2$. In this paper we prove that if $R$ is a right self-injective ring, then for each element $a\in R$ there exists a unit $u\in R$ such that both $a+u$ and $a-u$ are units if and only if $R$ has no factor ring isomorphic to $\mathbb Z_2$ or $\mathbb Z_3$.Comment: To appear in J. Algebra and App

Tax Evasion, Minimum Wage Non-Compliance and Informality

We study the impact of tax and minimum wage reforms on the incidence of informality. To gauge the incidence of informality, we use measures of the extent of tax evasion, the extent of minimum wage non-compliance, and the size of the informal workforce. Our approach allows us to examine (i) the distinction between determinants of firm-level reported wage distribution and actual wage distribution, (ii) the complementarity of tax and minimum wage enforcement, (iii) the impact that a minimum wage reform has on tax and minimum wage compliance, and (iv) the impact that a tax policy reform has on tax and minimum wage compliance. We conclude with the design of optimal minimum wage and tax policies (even in the complete absence of minimum wage enforcement). We do so based on two objectives derived from popular concerns associated with an unchecked expansion of informality: tax revenue maximization, and poverty alleviation among workers.poverty, flat tax reform, minimum wage reform, tax evasion, informality

Role of assimilate partition and biomass productivity in wheat yield improvement.

Trial 90WH75 A. Ear:stem ratios in parental genotypes. Earlier studies have established the importance of ear:stem ratio in determining the harvest index and potential yield of wheat cultivars (Siddique et al. 1989; Siddique and Whan, 1990). Much of the earlier work was concentrated mainly on recommended high yielding cultivars and some old cultivars. It is important to evaluate a wide range of parental materials for ear:stem ratios, before embarking on a breeding programme on ear:stem ratios. The main aim of this study was to assess ear:stem ratios in a wide range of parental genotypes. B. Evaluation of breeding populations for ear:stem ratio, harvest index and grain yield: F2 derived lines in the F4 generation. Studies involving F2 lines from 14 crosses in 1988 at Wongan Hills and F2 derived lines in the F3 generation with nine crosses in 1989 at Wongan Hills and South Perth indicated a range of ear:stem ratio within and between these crosses (Siddique and Whan, 1990). The study also suggests that ear:stem ratio has high heritability. However in the above early generation (F2 and F3) materials, we were not able to measure grain yield and harvest index. The main aim of this study was to evaluate ear:stem ratio in the F4 generation in yield plots and establish the relationship between ear:stem ratio, harvest index and grain yield

Internet-based Framework to Support Integration of Customer in the Design of Customizable Products

A necessary element to design and produce customer-centric products is the integration of customers in the design process. Challenges faced during customer integration into the design process include generating models of the customized product, performing analysis of these to determine feasibility, and optimizing to increase the performance. These tasks have to be performed relatively quickly, if not in real time, to provide feedback to the customer. The focus of this article is to present a framework that utilizes CAD, finite element analysis (FEA), and optimization to integrate the customer into the design process via the Internet for delivering user customized products. The design analysis, evaluation, and optimization need to be automated and enhanced to enable operation over the Internet. A product family CAD/FEA template has been developed to perform analysis, along with a general formulation to optimize the customized product. The CAD/FEA template generalizes the geometry building and analysis of each configuration developed using a product platform approach. The proposed setup is demonstrated through the use of a bicycle frame family. In this study, the focus is on the application of optimization and FEA to facilitate the design of customer-centric products.Yeshttps://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/manuscript-submission-guideline

Organizational Citizenship Behaviour and Employees’ Commitment: Evidence from Staff Clock in System at Islamic University College of Ghana

The study examined organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB) as an outcome of organizational commitment in higher institutions of learning in Ghana, with focus on Islamic University College, Ghana (IUCG). The population of interest was made up of all employees of IUCG, and the stratified sampling technique was used to select a sample of 50 respondents. The instrument used for data collection was self-developed questionnaire and the data collected was analyzed using SPSS Version 16 to determine the correlation and regression between the dependent and independent variables. The key findings were that, self-motivation yields better OCB than organizational controls; there is a strong positive relationship between commitment and OCB; and finally, continuance commitment dominates in IUCG. The study recommends that, management of IUCG should build stronger affective commitment and promote self-motivation among employees. Keywords: Organization, Citizenship behavior, Clock in System and Employees’ commitment

Hybrid Data Acquisition and Analysis System for Flowing Medium Lasers

The medium gas lasers involves in-situ generation of the lasing medium, hence are associated with several complex processes including mixing of pumping and lasing species, energy exchange between the species, heat generation during reaction and its influence on the flow domain to list a few. Thus, the characterisation of lasing medium, condition of operation of individual critical subsystems and corresponding phenomenon thereof is essential in real time. It is here that a customised data acquisition and analysis system (DAAS) plays a key role. The paper dwells on the realisation of a customised hybrid DAAS with a master-slave architecture, which is portable and provides remote system operation. The noteworthy aspects of the developed DAAS include capability to handle close to 150 channels [64 analog input, 64 digital output, 5 analog output and 17 digital input] simultaneously with varied sampling rates requirement ranging from 100 samples/s to 200 k samples/s, modularity in design enabling scalability. Further, the efficacy of the developed DAAS has been tested by conducting several real time experiments with an existing chemical oxygen iodine laser source with a mass flow rate of 2.3 moles.s-1 both from close ranges and at line of sight remote distances of up to 80 m and nearly 35 m with obstacles

Pre-breeding canola for heat stress tolerance – a prototype facility for large-scale screening at flowering stage

This research is developing methodology to facilitate large-scale screening of heat stress tolerance in canola at flowering stage, and will identify heat tolerant germplasm for Australian plant breeders. The new methods and heat tolerant germplasm will be transferred to canola breeders, which will accelerate the future commercial release of heat tolerant varieties. Our aim is to help Australian growers to maintain canola productivity as temperatures rise in response to climate change

Comparison of superficial surgical site infection following use of diathermyand scalpel for making skin incision in inguinal hernioplasty

The method of making surgical incision remains a complex problem. Although controversial, the use of diathermy instead of scalpel for skin incision and underlying tissue dissection is gradually gaining wide acceptance. This is due to the observation that no change in wound complication rate or postoperative pain is reportedwith the use ofDiathermy. However, the fear of excessive scarring and poorwound healing has curtailed itswidespread use for skin incision. The objective of the study is to compare superficial surgical site infection (SSSI) in diathermy and scalpel skin incision in inguinal hernioplasty. Quasi experimental study. Study was conducted at Surgical Unit II, Holy Family Hospital. Rawalpindi from1 Jan. 2008 to 30 September. 2008. Atotal of 80 patients who presented with inguinal hernias were included in the study. Patientswere divided in two groups. Group1: In 40 patients skin incisionwasmadewithDiathermy,Group 2: The other 40 had skin incisionwith scalpel. Themean age of patients in the intervention group (Group 1)was 50 years while in the control group (Group 2) itwas 46 years. 48% patients in Group 1 and 55% in the Group 2 had indirect inguinal hernias. SSSI was noted in 12.5% cases in Group 1 whereas in Group 2 it was 17.5% but this difference was not found to be statistically significant (p value=0.378). The use of diathermy for making skin incisions is as safe as scalpel and there is no significant difference amongst both regardingwound infection. Keywords: Diathermy incision, electrocautery, scalpel skin incision, superficial surgical site infectio