Designing Advanced Reliability Testing Mathematical Model for Modern Products

The modern era is the age of science, technology and at the same time it is the age of competition. The advancement of new technology and increased global competition have emphasized the importance of product strength and reliability estimation. As a result, producers and manufacturers must now verify the strength and reliability of their products prior to releasing them to the market. In the past, reliability data analysis was a critical tool for this purpose. Traditionally, reliability data analysis entails quantifying these life characteristics through the examination of failure data. However, in many situations, obtaining such failure data has been extremely difficult, if not impossible, due to the length of time between designing and releasing a product, and the difficulty of designing a product that will last a long period due to its continuous use and operation. Faced with this challenge, reliability statisticians developed a technique called Accelerated Reliability Testing to rapidly determine the reliability and life characteristics of products. This technique increases product reliability and identifies when and how a product will fail in its intended environment. In the present work, we plan to investigate these mathematical reliability models to determine the costs associated with the various product guarantees. If component lifetimes follow the power-function distribution, the problem is examined under increasing stress using percent failure censoring. The method is referred as a process that applies accelerated testing to estimate the cost of age-replacement for goods sold under warranty. Additionally, a mathematical illustration is presented to illustrate the results

Seasonal and monthly variations of protein content in the muscle of fish Schizothorax esocinus

Schizothorax esocinus (Chirruh snow barbell) Heckel, 1838 a key and freshwater species in the valley of Kashmir and is now endangered one. This study is to evaluate seasonal and monthly changes in protein content of muscle tissue and was studied over a period of twelve months from January 2011-Febuary 2012. Remarkable variation in protein content of muscle tissues of S. esocinus has been analyzed during the study period. The protein content of fish species showed increased level in summer season (28%) and lowest percentage in winter season (10%), attaining peak values in July (35%) and minimum value in December (0.08%). The results indicate that the protein content of the fish depends on season but also to a great extent in reaction to food and reproductive cycle. The present study is the first to describe the seasonal variation in the protein content of muscle of Schizothorax esocinus from the Kashmir Valley

Prevalence and incidence of helminth infection in some freshwater fishes of Sukhnag stream in Kashmir

Helminth infection, with high mortality rate, causes significant damage to fish industry worldwide In Kashmir, about 31 species of helminths are known to affect local fish population. In this study, we investigated seasonal variation of helminth parasites in snow trout (Schizothorax plagiostomus Heckel,1838) and scale carp (Cyprinus carpio communis Linnaeus, 1758) collected from Sukhnag stream for a period of two years (February 2017 to January 2019). Helminths Adenoscolex oreini (cestode), Diplozoon kashmirensis (trematode), and Pomphorhynchus kashmirensis (acanthocephalan) were recovered from S. plagiostomus while Bothriocephalus acheilognathi (cestode) and P. kashmirensis have been recovered from C. carpio communis. Prevalence and mean intensity of helminth infection was highest in S. plagiostomus (25.26% and 13.79) and lowest in C. carpio communis (10.82% and 8.47), respectively. Prevalence of helminths was at its peak in summer (June/July) and lowest in winter (December/January) in both native (S. plagiostomus) and exotic (C. carpio communis) fish species. This study revealed significant seasonal and monthwise variation in parasitic load of fishes which could be due to the difference in temperature, feeding habits of fish, fish species, immunity levels and other abiotic conditions of the water body

Prevalence and incidence of helminth infection in some freshwater fishes of Sukhnag stream in Kashmir

788-793Helminth infection, with high mortality rate, causes significant damage to fish industry worldwide In Kashmir, about 31 species of helminths are known to affect local fish population. In this study, we investigated seasonal variation of helminth parasites in snow trout (Schizothorax plagiostomus Heckel,1838) and scale carp (Cyprinus carpio communis Linnaeus, 1758) collected from Sukhnag stream for a period of two years (February 2017 to January 2019). Helminths Adenoscolex oreini (cestode), Diplozoon kashmirensis (trematode), and Pomphorhynchus kashmirensis (acanthocephalan) were recovered from S. plagiostomus while Bothriocephalus acheilognathi (cestode) and P. kashmirensis have been recovered from C. carpio communis. Prevalence and mean intensity of helminth infection was highest in S. plagiostomus (25.26% and 13.79) and lowest in C. carpio communis (10.82% and 8.47), respectively. Prevalence of helminths was at its peak in summer (June/July) and lowest in winter (December/January) in both native (S. plagiostomus) and exotic (C. carpio communis) fish species. This study revealed significant seasonal and monthwise variation in parasitic load of fishes which could be due to the difference in temperature, feeding habits of fish, fish species, immunity levels and other abiotic conditions of the water body

Antioxidant and Protective Effect of Ethyl Acetate Extract of Podophyllum Hexandrum Rhizome on Carbon Tetrachloride Induced Rat Liver Injury

The antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities of ethyl acetate extract was carefully investigated by the methods of DPPH radical scavenging activity, Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, Superoxide radical scavenging activity, Hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity and its Reducing power ability. All these in vitro antioxidant activities were concentration dependent which were compared with standard antioxidants such as BHT, α-tocopherol. The hepatoprotective potential of Podophyllum hexandrum extract was also evaluated in male Wistar rats against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver damage. Pre-treated rats were given ethyl acetate extract at 20, 30 and 50 mg/kg dose prior to CCl4 administration (1 ml/kg, 1:1 in olive oil). Rats pre-treated with Podophyllum hexandrum extract remarkably prevented the elevation of serum AST, ALT, LDH and liver lipid peroxides in CCl4-treated rats. Hepatic glutathione levels were significantly increased by the treatment with the extract in all the experimental groups. The extract at the tested doses also restored the levels of liver homogenate enzymes (glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione-S- transferase) significantly. This study suggests that ethyl acetate extract of P. hexandrum has a liver protective effect against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity and possess in vitro antioxidant activities

Carbon tetrachloride induced kidney and lung tissue damages and antioxidant activities of the aqueous rhizome extract of Podophyllum hexandrum

BACKGROUND: The present study was conducted to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo antioxidant properties of aqueous extract of Podophyllum hexandrum. The antioxidant potential of the plant extract under in vitro situations was evaluated by using two separate methods, inhibition of superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide radical. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) is a well known toxicant and exposure to this chemical is known to induce oxidative stress and causes tissue damage by the formation of free radicals. METHODS: 36 albino rats were divided into six groups of 6 animals each, all animals were allowed food and water ad libitum. Group I (control) was given olive oil, while the rest groups were injected intraperitoneally with a single dose of CCl(4 )(1 ml/kg) as a 50% (v/v) solution in olive oil. Group II received CCl(4 )only. Group III animals received vitamin E at a concentration of 50 mg/kg body weight and animals of groups IV, V and VI were given extract of Podophyllum hexandrum at concentration dose of 20, 30 and 50 mg/kg body weight. Antioxidant status in both kidney and lung tissues were estimated by determining the activities of antioxidative enzymes, glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and superoxide dismutase (SOD); as well as by determining the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). In addition, superoxide and hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity of the extract was also determined. RESULTS: Results showed that the extract possessed strong superoxide and hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity comparable to that of known antioxidant butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT). Our results also showed that CCl(4 )caused a marked increase in TBARS levels whereas GSH, SOD, GR, GPX and GST levels were decreased in kidney and lung tissue homogenates of CCl(4 )treated rats. Aqueous extract of Podophyllum hexandrum successfully prevented the alterations of these effects in the experimental animals. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated that the aqueous extract of Podophyllum hexandrum could protect the kidney and lung tissue against CCl(4 )induced oxidative stress probably by increasing antioxidant defense activities

In Vitro

Arnebia benthamii is a major ingredient of the commercial drug available under the name Gaozaban, which has antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing properties. In the present study, in vitro antioxidant and anticancer activity of different extracts of Arnebia benthamii were investigated. Antioxidant potential of plant extracts was evaluated by means of total phenolics, DPPH, reducing power, microsomal lipid peroxidation, and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. The highest phenolic content (TPC) of 780 mg GAE/g was observed in ethyl acetate, while the lowest TPC of 462 mg GAE/g was achieved in aqueous extract. At concentration of 700 µg/mL, DPPH radical scavenging activity was found to be highest in ethyl acetate extract (87.99%) and lowest in aqueous extract (73%). The reducing power of extracts increased in a concentration dependent manner. We also observed its inhibition on Fe2+/ascorbic acid-induced lipid peroxidation (LPO) on rat liver microsomes in vitro. In addition, Arnebia benthamii extracts exhibited antioxidant effects on Calf thymus DNA damage induced by Fenton reaction. Cytotoxicity of the extracts (10–100 µg/mL) was tested on five human cancer cell lines (lung, prostate, leukemia, colon, and pancreatic cell lines) using the Sulphorhodamine B assay