961 research outputs found
Opposing International Justice: Kenya’s Integrated Backlash Strategy Against the ICC
The government of Kenya has employed a wide range of strategies to undermine the recently-dismissed prosecutions of President Uhuru Kenyatta and Deputy President William Ruto before the International Criminal Court (ICC). This Article argues that these strategies are part of an integrated backlash campaign against the ICC, one that encompasses seemingly unrelated actions in multiple global, regional and national venues. We identify three overarching themes that connect these diverse measures— politicizing complementarity, regionalizing political opposition, and pairing instances of cooperation and condemnation to diffuse accusations of impunity. By linking its discrete acts of opposition to these three themes, the government ultimately increased the effectiveness of its campaign against the Court. Our findings provide new evidence to analyze others instances of backlash against international courts and institutions
Opposing International Justice: Kenya’s Integrated Backlash Strategy Against the ICC
The government of Kenya has employed a wide range of strategies to undermine the recently-dismissed prosecutions of President Uhuru Kenyatta and Deputy President William Ruto before the International Criminal Court (ICC). This Article argues that these strategies are part of an integrated backlash campaign against the ICC, one that encompasses seemingly unrelated actions in multiple global, regional and national venues. We identify three overarching themes that connect these diverse measures— politicizing complementarity, regionalizing political opposition, and pairing instances of cooperation and condemnation to diffuse accusations of impunity. By linking its discrete acts of opposition to these three themes, the government ultimately increased the effectiveness of its campaign against the Court. Our findings provide new evidence to analyze others instances of backlash against international courts and institutions
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Nonlinear Degenerate Evolution Equations in Mixed Formulation
We develop the theory of degenerate and nonlinear evolution systems in mixed formulation.
It will be shown that many of the well-known results for the stationary problem extend to
the nonlinear case and that the dynamics of a degenerate Cauchy problem is governed by a nonlinear
semigroup. The results are illustrated by a Darcy–Stokes coupled system with multiple nonlinearities.Keywords: monotone systems, coupled Darcy–Stokes, nonlinear evolution equation, mixed formulatio
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Well-Posed Problems for a Partial Differential Equation of Order 2m + 1
We are concerned here with well-posed problems for the partial differential equation uₜ(x, t) + yMuₜ(x, t) + Lu(x, t) = f(x, t) containing the elliptic differential operator M of order 2m and the differential operator L of order ≤2m. Hilbert space methods are used to formulate and solve an abstract form of the problem and to discuss existence, uniqueness, asymptotic behavior and boundary conditions of a solution. The formulation of a generalized problem is the objective of ∮ 1, and we shall have reason to consider two types of solutions, called weak and strong. Sufficient conditions on the operator M are given for the existence and uniqueness of a weak solution to the generalized problem. These conditions constitute elliptic hypotheses on M and are discussed briefly in ∮ 3. Similar assumptions on L lead to results on the asymptotic behavior of a weak solution. The case in which M and L are equal and self-adjoint is discussed in ∮ 2, and it is here that the role of the coefficient y of the equation appears first. Special as it is, this is a situation that often arises in applications, and there has been considerable interest in this coefficient y [4], [25]. The weak and strong solutions are distinguished not only by regularity conditions but also by their associated boundary conditions. It first appears in ∮ 5 that it is possible to prescribe too many (independent) boundary conditions on a strong solution, but in the applications it is seen that the interdependence of these conditions is built into the assumptions on the domains of the operators. Two examples of applications appear in ∮ 6 with a discussion of the types of boundary conditions that are appropriate.This is the publisher’s final pdf
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Partial differential equations of Sobolev-Galpern type
A mixed initial and boundary value problem is considered for
a partial differential equation of the form Muₜ(x, t)+Lu(x, t)=0,
where M and L are elliptic differential operators of orders 2 m
and 2l, respectively, with m ≤ l. The existence and uniqueness
of a strong solution of this equation in HË¡â‚€(G) is proved by
semigroup methods
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Existence and Representation Theorems for a Semilinear Sobolev Equation in Banach Space
An existence theory is developed for a semilinear evolution equation in Banach space which is modeled on boundary value problems for partial differential equations of Sobolev type. The operators are assumed to be measurable and to satisfy coercive estimates which are not necessarily uniform in their time dependence, and to satisfy Lipschitz conditions on the nonlinear term. Applications are briefly indicated
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Regularization and Approximation of Second Order Evolution Equations
We give a nonstandard method of integrating the equation Bu" + Cu’ + Au = f in Hilbert space by reducing it to a first order system in which the differentiated term corresponds to energy. Semigroup theory gives existence for hyperbolic and for parabolic cases. When C = εA, ε ≧ 0, this method permits the use of Faedo-Galerkin projection techniques analogous to the simple case of a single first order equation; the appropriate error estimates in the energy norm are obtained. We also indicate certain singular perturbations which can be used to approximate the equation by one which is dissipative or by one to which the above projection techniques are applicable. Examples include initial-boundary value problems for vibrations (possibly) with inertia, dynamics of rotating fluids, and viscoelasticity
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A Priori Error Estimates for Approximation of Parabolic Boundary Value Problems
The L²-error estimates are established for the continuous time Faedo-Galerkin approximation to solutions of a linear parabolic initial boundary value problem that has elliptic part of order 2m. Properties of analytic semigroups are used to obtain these estimates directly from the L²-estimates for the corresponding steady state elliptic problem under hypotheses only on the data in the problem (initial condition, elliptic operator)
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Nonlinear Degenerate Evolution Equations and Partial Differential Equations of Mixed Type
The Cauchy problem for the evolution equation Mu’(t) + N(t,u(t)) = 0 is studied, where M and N(t,•) are, respectively, possibly degenerate and nonlinear monotone operators from a vector space to its dual. Sufficient conditions for existence and for uniqueness of solutions are obtained by reducing the problem to an equivalent one in which M is the identity but each N(t,•) is multivalued and accretive in a Hilbert space. Applications include weak global solutions of boundary value problems with quasilinear partial differential equations of mixed Sobolev-parabolic-elliptic type, boundary conditions with mixed space-time derivatives, and those of the fourth or fifth type. Similar existence and uniqueness results are given for the semilinear and degenerate wave equation Bu"(t) + F(t, u’(t)) + Au(t) = 0, where each nonlinear F(t,•) is monotone and the nonnegative B and positive A are self-adjoint operators from a reflexive Banach space to its dual
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Elliptic-Parabolic Equations with Hysteresis Boundary Conditions
A general porous-medium equation is uniquely solved subject to a pair of boundary conditions for the trace of the solution and a second function on the boundary. The use of maximal monotone graphs for the three nonlinearities permits not only the inclusion of the usual boundary conditions of Dirichlet, Neumann, or Robin type, including variational inequality constraints of Signorini type, but also dynamic boundary conditions and those that model hysteresis phenomena. It is shown that the dynamic is determined by a contraction semigroup in a product of L¹ spaces. Several examples and numerical results are described.Keywords: existence, hysteresis, semigroup, uniqueness, porous-media equation, nonlinear boundary conditionKeywords: existence, hysteresis, semigroup, uniqueness, porous-media equation, nonlinear boundary conditio
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