Robust and Highly-Efficient Differentiation of Functional Monocytic Cells from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells under Serum- and Feeder Cell-Free Conditions

<div><p>Monocytic lineage cells (monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells) play important roles in immune responses and are involved in various pathological conditions. The development of monocytic cells from human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is of particular interest because it provides an unlimited cell source for clinical application and basic research on disease pathology. Although the methods for monocytic cell differentiation from ESCs/iPSCs using embryonic body or feeder co-culture systems have already been established, these methods depend on the use of xenogeneic materials and, therefore, have a relatively poor-reproducibility. Here, we established a robust and highly-efficient method to differentiate functional monocytic cells from ESCs/iPSCs under serum- and feeder cell-free conditions. This method produced 1.3×10⁶±0.3×10⁶ floating monocytes from approximately 30 clusters of ESCs/iPSCs 5–6 times per course of differentiation. Such monocytes could be differentiated into functional macrophages and dendritic cells. This method should be useful for regenerative medicine, disease-specific iPSC studies and drug discovery.</p> </div

Functional assays for M1/M2 macrophages derived from pluripotent stem cells.

<p>(A) Flow cytometric analysis of M1/M2 macrophages derived from pluripotent stem cells. (B) The levels of IL-12p70 and IL-10 in supernatants of culture medium with M1/M2 macrophages derived from pluripotent stem cells 24 hours after LPS stimulation. The data of KhES1-derived cells are shown as representative.</p

An Myh11 single lysine deletion causes aortic dissection by reducing aortic structural integrity and contractility

Pathogenic variants in myosin heavy chain (Myh11) cause familial thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections (FTAAD). However, the underlying pathological mechanisms remain unclear because of a lack of animal models. In this study, we established a mouse model with Myh11 K1256del, the pathogenic variant we found previously in two FTAAD families. The Myh11∆K/∆K aorta showed increased wall thickness and ultrastructural abnormalities, including weakened cell adhesion. Notably, the Myh11∆K/+ mice developed aortic dissections and intramural haematomas when stimulated with angiotensin II. Mechanistically, integrin subunit alpha2 (Itga2) was downregulated in the Myh11∆K/∆K aortas, and the smooth muscle cell lineage cells that differentiated from Myh11∆K/∆K induced pluripotent stem cells. The contractility of the Myh11∆K/∆K aortas in response to phenylephrine was also reduced. These results imply that the suboptimal cell adhesion indicated by Itga2 downregulation causes a defect in the contraction of the aorta. Consequently, the defective contraction may increase the haemodynamic stress underlying the aortic dissections.</p

Phenotype analysis and gene expression pattern of monocytic lineage cells derived from pluripotent stem cells.

<p>(A) Flow cytometric analysis of monocytic lineage cells derived sequentially from pluripotent stem cells. An analysis of adherent cells on day 6 and supernatant cells on day 13 and 18 is shown. (B) May-Giemsa staining of CD14⁺ monocyte-like cells derived from KhES1 on day 16 (left) and primary human monocytes (right). (C) Esterase staining for CD14⁺ monocyte-like cells derived from KhES1 on day 16. (D) The percentage of CD14⁺ cells within the total floating cells derived from KhES1/iPS-201B7 was evaluated from day 13 to day 28. (E) May-Giemsa staining (left) and phase contrast image (right) of mature DCs derived from pluripotent stem cells. (F) Flow cytometric analysis of immature/mature DCs derived from pluripotent stem cells. (G) Phase contrast image and flow cytometric analysis of macrophages derived from pluripotent stem cells.(H) RT-PCR analysis of monocytic lineage cells derived from KhES1/iPS-201B7 clones for expression of monocytic lineage marker genes (<i>PU.1, c-MAF, TLR4, CCL17</i> and <i>CCL18</i>). Peripheral blood monocytes and peripheral blood monocyte-derived mature DCs were used as positive controls.(A–C, E–G) The data from KhES1-derived cells are shown as representative.</p

Functional assays for monocytes derived from pluripotent stem cells.

<p>(A) The levels of IL-6 and TNFα in supernatants of PS-Mo culture medium 4 hours after LPS stimulation. The levels of IL-1β were measured 4 hours after LPS stimulation with/without an additional 30-minute ATP stimulation. (B) Flow cytometric analysis of CX3CR1 on PS-Mo. (C) Chemotaxis assay of PS-Mo for CX3CL1 (fractalkine) using a trans-well migration assay. After the addition of CX3CL1 into either the bottom or top of the trans-well chamber, PS-Mo were applied and incubated for 5 hours at 37°C. (D) Antigen uptake was evaluated in monocytes, immature DCs and mature DCs derived from pluripotent stem cells by examining the fluorescence intensity of Alexa fluor 488-conjugated ovalbumin 45 minute after incubation at 37°C (black). Control samples (white) were kept on ice. (B–D) The data of KhES1-derived cells are shown as representative. PS-Mo: monocyte derived from pluripotent stem cells.</p

Functional assays for dendritic cells derived from pluripotent stem cells.

<p>(A) Flow cytometric analysis of immature/mature DCs derived from pluripotent stem cells. (B) The levels of IL-10 and TNFα in supernatants of culture medium with PS-DCs 24 hours after LPS stimulation. (C) The proliferation of allogeneic naïve T cells (1×10⁵ cells per well) co-cultured with 40 Gy-irradiated stimulator cells for 3 days was evaluated. The proliferation of naïve T cells in the last 16 hours was measured by ³H-thymidine uptake. (A–C) The data of KhES1-derived cells are shown as representative.</p