Nerve damage induced skeletal muscle atrophy is associated with increased accumulation of intramuscular glucose and polyol pathway intermediates

Perturbations in skeletal muscle metabolism have been reported for a variety of neuromuscular diseases. However, the role of metabolism after constriction injury to a nerve and the associated muscle atrophy is unclear. We have analyzed rat tibialis anterior (TA) four weeks after unilateral constriction injury to the sciatic nerve (DMG) and in the contralateral control leg (CTRL) (n = 7) to investigate changes of the metabolome, immunohistochemistry and protein levels. Untargeted metabolomics identified 79 polar metabolites, 27 of which were significantly altered in DMG compared to CTRL. Glucose concentrations were increased 2.6-fold in DMG, while glucose 6-phosphate (G6-P) was unchanged. Intermediates of the polyol pathway were increased in DMG, particularly fructose (1.7-fold). GLUT4 localization was scattered as opposed to clearly at the sarcolemma. Despite the altered localization, we found GLUT4 protein levels to be increased 7.8-fold while GLUT1 was decreased 1.7-fold in nerve damaged TA. PFK1 and GS levels were both decreased 2.1-fold, indicating an inability of glycolysis and glycogen synthesis to process glucose at sufficient rates. In conclusion, chronic nerve constriction causes increased GLUT4 levels in conjunction with decreased glycolytic activity and glycogen storage in skeletal muscle, resulting in accumulation of intramuscular glucose and polyol pathway intermediates

Trees, Shrubs and Grasses for Saltlands: an Annotated Bibliography

Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

Analysis of Domestic versus Foreign Banks Efficiency in Pakistan

Banking sector reforms were introduced in 1972 in the light of many contemporary issues observed in the banking industry. The nationalization of banks in 1974 improved the financialӏ sector in many ways. The efficiency of the sector was compromised due to politicalӏ influence; over-branching and overstaffing that affected the banking industry. In 1990s many reforms were made in the banking sector to address the problems that existed in the nationalized banking system. The public sector’s ownership of commercial banks had created lot of problems (political intervention in credit allocation, loan recovery and deterioration in services quality). This study evaluated the efficiency of domestic and foreign banks for the period 2010-2016. DEA was used to explore the scale, technical, pure technical and scale efficiency of the domestic and foreign banks. The ӏeast efficient banks are Bank Alfalah, Nationaӏ Bank, Askari Bank and Standard chartered in terms of scale efficiency. Technicalӏ efficiency scores demonstrate that Aӏӏied Bank, Askari bank, Nationalӏ Bank, Standard Chartered Bank and Bank Alfalah did not perform efficiently whereas other banks of the sample did well. Pure technicalӏ efficiency scores under both orientations reveal that in 2010 and 2015, aӏӏ banks showed a perfect pure technicalӏ efficiency score of 1.00. Both domestic and foreign banks performance is mixed. Domestic banks are not less efficient in terms of all efficiencies than foreign banks. Both banks need attention to managerialӏ aspects and efficient utilization of technology in their operations. Sound macroeconomic policies may also help in improving the efficiency of banks

Macroeconomic Determinants of Urbanization in Pakistan

Urbanization refers to the migration of rural people to urban centers in search of better jobs. Urbanization and growth go together; no country has ever reached middle-income status without a significant population shift into cities. Urbanization has strong association with unemployment, economic growth, poverty, infrastructure, crimes, health, socio-economic conditions and education. In 2050, most of the urban population of the world will be concentrated in Asia (52%) and in Africa (21%). A simple and modest model provided reasonable results. Increase in literacy is a decisive factor that has significant impact on increasing urban population. Per capita GDP growth also positively influences the urban population. Age-structure is too an important determinant of migration and urbanization. It is an open secret that generally young persons have gone abroad. Specification and diagnostics test supported the model which reveals appropriateness and statistical soundness of the model. Serious heed is paid to delimitation of cities to make them manageable and governable. Agriculture is provided sufficient resources to discourage migration to cities

Impact of Financial Crisis 2008 on Financial Institutions

Insurance sector is mainly affected by financial crisis due to failure of other sectors such as banks where insurance companies has put their guarantee on different securities and its investments in other sectors faced huge losses. AIG suffered from a liquidity crisis when its credit ratings were downgraded below "AA" levels in September 2008. AIG affected due collateral demand of $100 billion by counter parties on forward contract and currency swapping. The company’s liquidity position become too weak to get support from Government in form of bailout package to pay out its debt obligation and meet the collateral demands by counter party. In 2008 leverage position of company reach its high that was due increased debt (borrowing from Government) and losses from operations and investments depleted the equity amount. Same case with the Lincoln national corporation and Hart Ford financial services in 2008 the due losses from operations and other investments the equity amount decrease too much, so too get bailout package from US Government. These both companies have retuned back the bailout amount to treasury department but AIG has still$50 billion outstanding. In 2010-11 the performance of companies is good to some extent and debt to equity ratio of above all companies is decreased and unrealized losses are now recovered. Keywords: Financial Crisis, Debt-to-Equity, Federal Reserve Bank, Insurance Sector

Impact of Financial Crisis 2008 on Financial Institutions

Insurance sector is mainly affected by financial crisis due to failure of other sectors such as banks where insurance companies has put their guarantee on different securities and its investments in other sectors faced huge losses. AIG suffered from a liquidity crisis when its credit ratings were downgraded below "AA" levels in September 2008. AIG affected due collateral demand of $100 billion by counter parties on forward contract and currency swapping. The company’s liquidity position become too weak to get support from Government in form of bailout package to pay out its debt obligation and meet the collateral demands by counter party. In 2008 leverage position of company reach its high that was due increased debt (borrowing from Government) and losses from operations and investments depleted the equity amount. Same case with the Lincoln national corporation and Hart Ford financial services in 2008 the due losses from operations and other investments the equity amount decrease too much, so too get bailout package from US Government. These both companies have retuned back the bailout amount to treasury department but AIG has still$50 billion outstanding. In 2010-11 the performance of companies is good to some extent and debt to equity ratio of above all companies is decreased and unrealized losses are now recovered. Keywords: Financial Crisis, Debt-to-Equity, Federal Reserve Bank, Insurance Sector

THE IMPACT OF PAY SATISFACTION, JOB STRESS, AND ABUSIVE SUPERVISION ON TURNOVER INTENTION AMONG BANKING EMPLOYEES

Pakistan banks cannot survive well without trained and experienced employees. Many researchers have reported the high turnover in banking sector. Therefore it was highly important to address this problem. The purpose of this study was to test the factors (pay satisfaction, job stress, and abusive supervision) influencing turnover intention among bank employees. This study collected the data from a sample of 100 bank employees both public and private banks in Vehari. The results showed that there was a significant negative effect of pay satisfaction on turnover intention and there was significant positive effect both job stress and abusive supervision on turnover intention. This study will be helpful to decision authority in banks to identify factors contributing towards turnover intention.Â

Impact of Global Financial Crisis 2008 on Automobile Industry

Global financial crisis has formed bad impact on automobile industry in USA, like Suziki, Hyundai and Honda from 2008-2010. The companies’ sale decreased because of market situation and slum in world economy. Now economic conditions are getting better by having good financial policies and market exposure. This research study will explain the importance of debt to equity ratio in term of risk exposure being taken by the firm in market to finance the business and also analyze the importance and effectiveness of debt to equity for automobile sector. This study is based upon the three major players of industry to signify the risk exposure in term of debt and equity during a period of financial crisis and then how they manage it while looking at international financial regulations accordingly. Suzuki overcame this situation by keeping focus on R & D, marketing and manufacturing units. It has also changed its exposure of debt to equity, in the meantime of financial crisis it is having more financing through common stock. Hyundai overcame this situation by focusing on stakeholders like customers and employees. And due to this strategy the crisis has created the low effects on the Hyundai profitability and sales.  The Honda after the recession they began to again paying keen attention on its performance and increased its sales by introducing the innovation in its different models by launching the hybrid fuel efficient models. And it also keeps on focusing common stock rather than lending from risky source. It also explained the role of Federal Reserve Bank to control financial crisis all over the world. In the end this paper will compare the market exposure of debt and equity of three companies and suggest some recommendations to be more secure in future if same crisis revert again. Keywords: Financial Crisis, Automobile Sector, Debt-to-Equity Ratio, Federal Reserve Bank. Paper Type: Research Pape

Impact of Global Financial Crisis 2008 on Automobile Industry

Global financial crisis has formedbad impact on automobile industry in USA, like Suziki, Hyundai and Honda from 2008-2010. The companies’ sale decreased because of marketsituation and slum in world economy. Now economic conditions are getting better by having good financialpolicies andmarket exposure. This research study will explain the importance of debt to equity ratio in term of risk exposure being taken by the firm in market to finance the business and also analyze the importance and effectiveness of debt to equity for automobile sector. This study is based upon the three major players of industry to signify the risk exposure in term of debt and equity during a period of financial crisis and then how they manage it while looking at international financial regulations accordingly. Suzuki overcame this situation by keeping focusonR & D, marketing and manufacturing units. It has also changed its exposure of debt to equity, in the meantimeof financial crisisit is having more financing through common stock. Hyundai overcame this situation by focusing on stakeholders like customers and employees. And due to this strategy the crisis has created the low effects on the Hyundai profitability and sales.  The Honda after the recession they began to again paying keen attention on its performance and increased its sales by introducing the innovation in its different models by launching the hybrid fuel efficient models. And it also keeps on focusing common stock rather than lending from risky source. It also explained the role of Federal Reserve Bank to control financial crisis all over the world. In the end this paper will compare the market exposure of debt and equity of three companies and suggest some recommendations to be more secure in future if same crisis revert again. Keywords: Financial Crisis, Automobile Sector, Debt-to-Equity Ratio, Federal Reserve Bank