Pengembangan Suplemen Pembelajaran Fisika Gelombang Elektromagnetik Cahaya Sebagai Partikel Memanfaatkan Virtual Laboratorium

This research has been done to make a supplement for physics learning about light electromagnetic wave as a particle using virtual laboratory. The population of this research was the second year science-students at SMA Muhammadiyah 1 Metro. This development is begun by needs analysis, then identification of resource which is the background of this developmental research. The next step is, identifying the product specification then developing products which contained a tutorial book for teacher and a work sheet for student (LKS). The material and design expert test result is that those products were approved. The external test resulted by users show that the LKS was attractive, very easy to use, and useful. It also was effective to be used as a learning resource because 80% of students reached the passing grade.Telah dilakukan penelitian untuk mengembangkan suplemen pembelajaran fisika gelombang elektromagnetik cahaya sebagai partikel dengan memanfaatkan virtual laboratorium. Populasi penelitian pengembangan ini adalah siswa kelas XI IPA di SMA Muhammadiyah 1 Metro. Pengembangan ini diawali dengan analisis kebutuhan, kemudian identifikasi sumber daya yang melatar belakangi pengembangan. Langkah selanjutnya identifikasi spesifikasi produk yang dilanjutkan dengan mengembangkan produk berupa LKS untuk siswa dan buku panduan untuk guru. Hasil uji internal oleh ahli materi dan ahli desain menyatakan produk yang dikembangkan layak digunakan sebagai media pembelajaran. Hasil uji eksternal oleh pengguna menunjukkan kualitas media pembelajaran menarik, sangat mudah digunakan, dan bermanfaat serta efektif digunakan sebagai media pembelajaran dengan presentase hasil belajar sebesar 80% siswa telah memenuhi KKM

The Safety and Immunogenicity of Trivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccination: A Study of Maternal-Cord Blood Pairs in Taiwan

<div><p>Background</p><p>There are little data about adverse effects and immunogenicity of flu vaccine in Asian pregnant women.</p><p>Methods</p><p>This prospective trial (NCT01514708) enrolled 46 pregnant women who received a single intramuscular dose of trivalent flu vaccine (AdimFlu-S®) containing 15 mcg of hemagglutinin for each strain/0.5 mL from influenza A (H1N1), influenza A (H3N2), and influenza B after the first trimester. Blood samples were collected at day 0 and 28 after vaccination, and at delivery. Cord blood was also collected. Hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) assays were performed to determine seroprotection and seroconversion rates and fold increase in the HAI geometric mean titer (GMT).</p><p>Results</p><p>Twenty-eight days after vaccination the seroprotection rate against H1N1, H3N2, and influenza B was 91.3%, 84.8% and 56.5%, respectively. The GMT fold increase was 12.8, 8.4, and 4.6 for H1N1, H3N2, and influenza B, respectively. At delivery, both the seroprotection rate (86.4%, 68.2%, and 47.7%) and GMT fold increase (9.4, 5.7 and 3.8) were slightly lower than day 28. The seroprotection rate and GMT fold increase in maternal and cord blood samples were comparable. No significant adverse effects were detected.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Trivalent flu vaccine induces a strong immune response in pregnant women and their infants without adverse effects.</p><p>Trial Registration</p><p>Clinical Trials. gov <a href="http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01514708/ISRCTN64117538/" target="_blank">NCT01514708</a></p></div

Tentative Identification of the Second Substrate Binding Site in Arabidopsis Phytochelatin Synthase

<div><p>Phytochelatin synthase (PCS) uses the substrates glutathione (GSH, γGlu-Cys-Gly) and a cadmium (Cd)-bound GSH (Cd∙GS₂) to produce the shortest phytochelatin product (PC₂, (γGlu-Cys)₂-Gly) through a ping-pong mechanism. The binding of the 2 substrates to the active site, particularly the second substrate binding site, is not well-understood. In this study, we generated a structural model of the catalytic domain of Arabidopsis AtPCS1 (residues 12–218) by using the crystal structure of the γGlu-Cys acyl-enzyme complex of the PCS of the cyanobacterium <i>Nostoc</i> (NsPCS) as a template. The modeled AtPCS1 revealed a cavity in proximity to the first substrate binding site, consisting of 3 loops containing several conserved amino acids including Arg152, Lys185, and Tyr55. Substitutions of these amino acids (R152K, K185R, or double mutation) resulted in the abrogation of enzyme activity, indicating that the arrangement of these 2 positive charges is crucial for the binding of the second substrate. Recombinant AtPCS1s with mutations at Tyr55 showed lower catalytic activities because of reduced affinity (3-fold for Y55W) for the Cd∙GS₂, further suggesting the role of the cation-π interaction in recognition of the second substrate. Our study results indicate the mechanism for second substrate recognition in PCS. The integrated catalytic mechanism of PCS is further discussed. </p> </div

The consensus residues on B-loops play critical roles in AtPCS1 activity.

<p>The PCS activities of the single substitutions of the conserved residues on B-loop 1, B-loop 3, and B-loop 4 were compared. Substitutions of these conserved amino acids affected PCS activity to various extents (gray bars). Two nonconserved residues (Ser51 and Lys156) unrelated to the formation of the cavity were included for comparison (open bars). Data are presented as mean ± SE from 3 replicates, and the asterisk indicates a significant difference between wild type and mutants based on analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Student <i>t</i>-test (*, <i>P</i> < 0.01; **, <i>P</i> < 0.001).</p

A schematic representation of the AtPCS1 active site

<p>A schematic representation of the AtPCS1 active site</p

The trial profiles.

<p>The trial profiles.</p

Seroprotection rate and HAI GMT of cord blood samples.

<p>Data presented as mean±standard deviation or number (percentage).</p><p>a: Mc'Nemar exact test for the difference of seroprotection rate among maternal subjects and cord blood at delivery.</p><p>b: Wilcoxon signed rank test for the difference in HAI titer among maternal subjects and cord blood at delivery.</p>*<p>: Statistically significant (p<0.05).</p

Adverse events occurring within 7 days after vaccination in 46 subjects.

<p>Data presented as number (percentage).</p

Demographic, clinical, and obstetric characteristics of the 46 participants.

<p>Data presented as mean ± standard deviation or number (percentage).</p>*<p>Data only includes subjects with a prior delivery (<i>n</i> = 21).</p

Seroprotection rate, seroconversion rate, and HAI GMT of 46 subjects at day 28 after vaccination.

<p>Data presented as mean ± standard deviation or number (percentage).</p><p>a: Mc'Nemar exact test for the change of response over time.</p><p>b: Comparison between Seroconversion rate and immunogenicity criteria of Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products (CPMP) was analyzed by Binomial Exact test.</p><p>c: Wilcoxon signed rank test for the change of HAI titer over time.</p>*<p>: statistically significant (p<0.05).</p><p>NA, not applicable.</p