System architecture for the Canadian interim mobile satellite system

The system architecture for the Canadian Interim Mobile Satellite Service (IMSS) which is planned for commencement of commercial service in late 1989 is reviewed. The results of an associated field trial program which was carried out to determine the limits of coverage and the preliminary performance characteristics of the system are discussed

Improving the Power Quality in Tehran Metro Line-Two Using the Ant Colony Algorithm

This research aims to survey the improvement of power quality in Tehran metro line 2 using the ant colony algorithm and to investigate all the factors affecting the achievement of this goal. In order to put Tehran on the road of sustainable development, finding a solution for dealing with air pollution is essential. The use of public transportation, especially metro, is one of the ways to achieve this goal. Since the highest share of pollutants in Tehran belongs to cars and mobile sources, relative statistical indicators are estimated through assuming the effect of metro lines development and subsequently reduction of traffic on power quality index

Case Report A Case of Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn due to Di a Antibody

Anti-Di a is a clinically significant red cell antibody known to cause hemolytic disease of the newborn. Here, we report on a case of mild hemolytic disease of the newborn caused by Di a antibody. The mother had three prior pregnancies with no history of blood transfusion. She delivered a preterm 35-week-old female newborn by cesarean section. The neonate developed anemia and mild icterus on postnatal day five with hemoglobin of 9500 mg/dL and total bilirubin of 10 mg/dL. The direct antiglobulin test on the neonate's red blood cells was positive. The maternal serum and an eluate from the infant RBCs were negative in routine antibody detection tests but were positive using commercially prepared Di(a+) red cells. The neonate was discharged home in stable condition following treatment with erythropoietin and phototherapy. When a newborn has a positive DAT in the absence of major blood group incompatibility or commonly detected RBC antibodies, an antibody to a low frequency antigen such as Di a must be considered. Further immunohematology tests are required to determine presence of the antibody and the clinician must be alerted to closely monitor the infant for signs of anemia and hemolysis

Analysis of a microwave radiation technique for measurement of hold-up in two phase flow

SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:D37984/81 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

E‌V‌A‌L‌U‌A‌T‌I‌O‌N O‌F S‌L‌I‌T S‌H‌A‌P‌E A‌N‌D E‌D‌G‌E S‌T‌I‌F‌F‌E‌N‌E‌R O‌N S‌T‌E‌E‌L S‌L‌I‌T S‌H‌E‌A‌R W‌A‌L‌L

E‌v‌e‌r‌y b‌u‌i‌l‌d‌i‌n‌g n‌e‌e‌d‌s a s‌y‌s‌t‌e‌m t‌h‌a‌t r‌e‌s‌i‌s‌t‌s t‌h‌e h‌o‌r‌i‌z‌o‌n‌t‌a‌l d‌e‌m‌a‌n‌d‌s f‌r‌o‌m l‌a‌t‌e‌r‌a‌l f‌o‌r‌c‌e‌s s‌u‌c‌h a‌s w‌i‌n‌d a‌n‌d e‌a‌r‌t‌h‌q‌u‌a‌k‌e‌s. S‌u‌c‌h s‌y‌s‌t‌e‌m‌s a‌r‌e c‌o‌m‌m‌o‌n‌l‌y k‌n‌o‌w‌n a‌s L‌a‌t‌e‌r‌a‌l F‌o‌r‌c‌e R‌e‌s‌i‌s‌t‌i‌n‌g (L‌F‌R) S‌y‌s‌t‌e‌m‌s. T‌h‌e s‌t‌e‌e‌l s‌l‌i‌t s‌h‌e‌a‌r w‌a‌l‌l i‌s a n‌e‌w L‌F‌R s‌y‌s‌t‌e‌m i‌n‌t‌e‌n‌d‌e‌d f‌o‌r z‌o‌n‌e‌s o‌f h‌i‌g‌h s‌e‌i‌s‌m‌i‌c‌i‌t‌y. T‌h‌e e‌s‌s‌e‌n‌t‌i‌a‌l c‌o‌m‌p‌o‌n‌e‌n‌t o‌f t‌h‌e s‌t‌e‌e‌l s‌l‌i‌t s‌h‌e‌a‌r w‌a‌l‌l s‌y‌s‌t‌e‌m i‌s t‌h‌e s‌l‌i‌t. T‌h‌e s‌h‌e‌a‌r w‌a‌l‌l h‌a‌s c‌o‌l‌u‌m‌n‌s o‌f s‌l‌i‌t‌s f‌o‌r‌m‌i‌n‌g l‌i‌n‌k‌s i‌n b‌e‌t‌w‌e‌e‌n t‌h‌e‌m. I‌n t‌h‌e p‌r‌e‌s‌e‌n‌c‌e o‌f l‌a‌t‌e‌r‌a‌l f‌o‌r‌c‌e‌s, t‌h‌e‌s‌e l‌i‌n‌k‌s w‌o‌r‌k a‌s a s‌e‌r‌i‌e‌s o‌f s‌m‌a‌l‌l f‌l‌e‌x‌u‌r‌a‌l m‌e‌m‌b‌e‌r‌s i‌n p‌a‌r‌a‌l‌l‌e‌l a‌n‌d b‌e‌h‌a‌v‌e i‌n d‌o‌u‌b‌l‌e c‌u‌r‌v‌a‌t‌u‌r‌e r‌e‌a‌c‌h‌i‌n‌g y‌i‌e‌l‌d a‌t b‌o‌t‌h e‌n‌d‌s. T‌h‌e m‌o‌s‌t n‌o‌t‌a‌b‌l‌e a‌d‌v‌a‌n‌t‌a‌g‌e‌s o‌f s‌u‌c‌h a s‌y‌s‌t‌e‌m a‌r‌e i‌t‌s d‌u‌c‌t‌i‌l‌e b‌e‌h‌a‌v‌i‌o‌r a‌n‌d h‌i‌g‌h a‌b‌i‌l‌i‌t‌y t‌o d‌i‌s‌s‌i‌p‌a‌t‌e e‌n‌e‌r‌g‌y. I‌n a‌d‌d‌i‌t‌i‌o‌n, t‌h‌e s‌y‌s‌t‌e‌m i‌s v‌e‌r‌y v‌e‌r‌s‌a‌t‌i‌l‌e i‌n t‌e‌r‌m‌s o‌f p‌l‌a‌c‌e‌m‌e‌n‌t. F‌u‌r‌t‌h‌e‌r‌m‌o‌r‌e, t‌h‌e d‌i‌m‌e‌n‌s‌i‌o‌n‌s o‌f t‌h‌e s‌y‌s‌t‌e‌m a‌r‌e c‌o‌n‌v‌e‌n‌i‌e‌n‌t a‌n‌d t‌h‌e o‌p‌e‌n‌i‌n‌g‌s -r‌e‌q‌u‌i‌r‌e‌d t‌o i‌n‌s‌t‌a‌l‌l w‌i‌n‌d‌o‌w‌s a‌n‌d d‌o‌o‌r‌s c‌a‌n b‌e e‌a‌s‌i‌l‌y a‌c‌c‌o‌m‌m‌o‌d‌a‌t‌e‌d. I‌n t‌h‌e e‌v‌e‌n‌t o‌f a‌n e‌a‌r‌t‌h‌q‌u‌a‌k‌e, a‌l‌l d‌a‌m‌a‌g‌e‌d p‌a‌n‌e‌l‌s c‌a‌n b‌e e‌a‌s‌i‌l‌y r‌e‌m‌o‌v‌e‌d a‌n‌d r‌e‌p‌l‌a‌c‌e‌d b‌y n‌e‌w o‌n‌e‌s. T‌h‌e s‌t‌e‌e‌l s‌l‌i‌t s‌h‌e‌a‌r w‌a‌l‌l‌s a‌r‌e e‌n‌t‌i‌r‌e‌l‌y f‌a‌b‌r‌i‌c‌a‌t‌e‌d a‌t f‌a‌c‌t‌o‌r‌y. a‌n‌d t‌h‌e‌n f‌u‌l‌l‌y b‌o‌l‌t‌e‌d a‌t c‌o‌n‌s‌t‌r‌u‌c‌t‌i‌o‌n s‌i‌t‌e. T‌h‌u‌s, c‌o‌s‌t‌l‌y f‌i‌e‌l‌d w‌e‌l‌d‌s a‌r‌e n‌o‌t n‌e‌c‌e‌s‌s‌a‌r‌y f‌o‌r i‌n‌s‌t‌a‌l‌l‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n o‌f t‌h‌e s‌y‌s‌t‌e‌m, w‌h‌i‌c‌h c‌a‌n b‌e s‌i‌g‌n‌i‌f‌i‌c‌a‌n‌t‌l‌y f‌u‌n‌c‌t‌i‌o‌n‌a‌l i‌n d‌e‌s‌i‌g‌n a‌n‌d r‌e‌t‌r‌o‌f‌i‌t o‌f s‌t‌r‌u‌c‌t‌u‌r‌e‌s.I‌n t‌h‌i‌s p‌a‌p‌e‌r, n‌u‌m‌e‌r‌i‌c‌a‌l a‌n‌a‌l‌y‌s‌i‌s u‌s‌i‌n‌g A‌b‌a‌q‌u‌s i‌s p‌e‌r‌f‌o‌r‌m‌e‌d t‌o e‌v‌a‌l‌u‌a‌t‌e t‌h‌e e‌f‌f‌e‌c‌t o‌f s‌l‌i‌t s‌h‌a‌p‌e a‌n‌d e‌d‌g‌e s‌t‌i‌f‌f‌e‌n‌e‌r o‌n b‌e‌h‌a‌v‌i‌o‌r o‌f s‌t‌e‌e‌l s‌l‌i‌t s‌h‌e‌a‌r w‌a‌l‌l. I‌n o‌r‌d‌e‌r t‌o v‌e‌r‌i‌f‌y t‌h‌e e‌f‌f‌i‌c‌i‌e‌n‌c‌y a‌n‌d a‌c‌c‌u‌r‌a‌c‌y o‌f t‌h‌e e‌m‌p‌l‌o‌y‌e‌d f‌i‌n‌i‌t‌e-e‌l‌e‌m‌e‌n‌t m‌e‌t‌h‌o‌d, C‌o‌r‌t‌e‌s a‌n‌d L‌i‌u t‌e‌s‌t‌s a‌r‌e c‌o‌n‌d‌u‌c‌t‌e‌d. T‌h‌e‌n, t‌h‌r‌e‌e s‌t‌e‌e‌l s‌h‌e‌a‌r w‌a‌l‌l m‌o‌d‌e‌l‌s w‌i‌t‌h d‌i‌f‌f‌e‌r‌e‌n‌t s‌l‌i‌t s‌h‌a‌p‌e‌s a‌n‌d t‌h‌r‌e‌e s‌t‌e‌e‌l s‌h‌e‌a‌r w‌a‌l‌l m‌o‌d‌e‌l‌s w‌i‌t‌h d‌i‌f‌f‌e‌r‌e‌n‌t e‌d‌g‌e s‌t‌i‌f‌f‌e‌n‌e‌r‌s a‌r‌e e‌s‌t‌a‌b‌l‌i‌s‌h‌e‌d. T‌h‌e h‌y‌s‌t‌e‌r‌e‌s‌i‌s c‌u‌r‌v‌e‌s, e‌n‌e‌r‌g‌y d‌i‌s‌s‌i‌p‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n c‌a‌p‌a‌c‌i‌t‌y, f‌a‌i‌l‌u‌r‌e m‌o‌d‌e, o‌u‌t-o‌f-p‌l‌a‌n‌e d‌e‌f‌o‌r‌m‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n, a‌n‌d d‌u‌c‌t‌i‌l‌i‌t‌y o‌f t‌h‌e s‌h‌e‌a‌r w‌a‌l‌l m‌o‌d‌e‌l‌s a‌r‌e c‌o‌m‌p‌a‌r‌e‌d a‌n‌d a‌n‌a‌l‌y‌z‌e‌d. T‌h‌e n‌u‌m‌e‌r‌i‌c‌a‌l r‌e‌s‌u‌l‌t‌s s‌h‌o‌w t‌h‌a‌t t‌h‌e p‌r‌o‌p‌o‌s‌e‌d s‌l‌i‌t s‌h‌a‌p‌e‌s m‌o‌d‌e‌l‌s d‌e‌c‌r‌e‌a‌s‌e t‌h‌e s‌t‌i‌f‌f‌n‌e‌s‌s a‌n‌d i‌m‌p‌r‌o‌v‌e t‌h‌e s‌t‌r‌e‌n‌g‌t‌h, d‌u‌c‌t‌i‌l‌i‌t‌y, a‌n‌d e‌n‌e‌r‌g‌y d‌i‌s‌s‌i‌p‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n c‌a‌p‌a‌c‌i‌t‌y. F‌u‌r‌t‌h‌e‌r‌m‌o‌r‌e, a‌l‌t‌h‌o‌u‌g‌h t‌h‌e l‌i‌t‌e‌r‌a‌t‌u‌r‌e s‌h‌o‌w‌s t‌h‌a‌t t‌h‌e w‌i‌d‌t‌h o‌f e‌d‌g‌e s‌t‌i‌f‌f‌e‌n‌e‌r h‌a‌s n‌e‌g‌l‌i‌g‌i‌b‌l‌e e‌f‌f‌e‌c‌t‌s o‌n t‌h‌e s‌t‌i‌f‌f‌n‌e‌s‌s a‌n‌d s‌t‌r‌e‌n‌g‌t‌h o‌f s‌t‌e‌e‌l s‌l‌i‌t s‌h‌e‌a‌r w‌a‌l‌l, t‌h‌i‌s p‌a‌p‌e‌r s‌h‌o‌w‌s t‌h‌a‌t t‌h‌e e‌d‌g‌e s‌t‌i‌f‌f‌e‌n‌e‌r t‌y‌p‌e s‌i‌g‌n‌i‌f‌i‌c‌a‌n‌t‌l‌y i‌m‌p‌r‌o‌v‌e‌s t‌h‌e s‌t‌i‌f‌f‌n‌e‌s‌s, s‌t‌r‌e‌n‌g‌t‌h, a‌n‌d e‌n‌e‌r‌g‌y d‌i‌s‌s‌i‌p‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n c‌a‌p‌a‌c‌i‌t‌y

Damage detection by updating structural models based on linear objective functions

The objective of this article is to detect the location and severity of structural damage according to direct model updating of physical properties by a Moore-Penrose inverse problem. The proposed method is based on expanding the dynamic orthogonality conditions in a damaged structure for attaining the difference between physical properties of undamaged and damaged structures. Hence, a two-stage damage detection process consisting of localization and quantification of damage is established by using linear objective functions which are applied in the expanded orthogonality conditions. Thus, an error matrix which is characterized as damage index is determined to identify the location of damage. Subsequently, damage extent is quantified by applying a linear objective function in the extended eigenproblem of the damaged structure. Eventually, two numerical examples are utilized to validate the proposed damage detection approach. In these examples, the modal data are considered to be incomplete and the inverses of rectangular matrices are accomplished by the Moore-Penrose technique while no multipliers are used. Furthermore, in all damage investigations, the predicted damage is compared with the preset values of induced damage. It can be concluded that the damage localization approach proposed in this study can precisely identify the location of damage through updating process. Moreover, the obtained results confirm this technique as being appropriate to predict the severity of damage. © 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

An iterative order determination method for time-series modeling in structural health monitoring

Statistical time-series modeling has recently emerged as a promising and applicable methodology to structural health monitoring. In this methodology, an important step is to choose robust and optimal orders of time-series models for extracting damage-sensitive features. In this study, an iterative order determination method is proposed to determine optimal orders based on residual analysis. The proposed technique consists of identifying the best time-series model, determining the maximum orders, and selecting the optimal orders that enable the model to extract uncorrelated residuals. The application of low-pass signal filters to the process of order determination is also evaluated. In a comparative study, the influence of optimal orders on damage is assessed to perceive whether features extracted from optimal models, with and without using low-pass filters, are sensitive to damage. Experimental data of a three-story laboratory frame and a large-scale bridge are applied to demonstrate the performance and capability of the proposed method. Results show that the proposed iterative method is an efficient tool for the determination of optimal orders along with the extraction of uncorrelated residuals