Effectiveness of Non-Governmental Organizations in Rural Development in Chitral District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan

The present study has been focusing towards determining the effectiveness of the NGOs in making a difference in the development of Pakistan rural areas particularly considering Chitral province from the community approach. This research intended to examine how NGOs in Chitral apply community approach for the rural development of Chitral particularly by focusing on Ayun and Yarkhun Union Councils. The present research used a case study research design and ethnographic qualitative approach by focusing on the directly observable material items to notice the entire education, health and gender equality in Chitral after the entry of NGOs. In order to collect appropriate data, three key tools were selected, including observations, Focus Group Discussion (FGD), and In-depth Interviews (IDI). Purposive sampling method was used to select a total of 152 informants from the two councils of Chitral, Ayun, and Yarkhun for data collection where 64 informants from each council were selected for FGDs and 12 for IDIs. The number of the sample was subject to saturation point. The snow ball sampling was used to reach out the various informants in the study. The data were analyzed using open coding method and thematic analysis. The results of the study have indicated that the NGOs (particularly AKRSP and SRSP functioning in Ayun and Yarkhun Councils of Chitral, respectively) are primarily applying community approach by focusing on different factors. For instance, the major ways or activities followed to implement community approach within the identified regions are involving local people and staff members in every activity and/or even in decision-making process to know about their needs. NGOs in Chitral have been trying to make education compulsory for both genders, besides improving health awareness and facilities in the hospitals, and promoting gender equality through effective actions, including campaigns and workshops. The research further explored that the activities iv adopted by NGOs in these councils assessed by the communities were found to perform effectively in informing people regarding the importance of high education, improved health and gender empowerment without which the rural development (high standard of living) is not possible. The study depicted that the entry of NGOs in Chitral has been accepted through implementing projects, which are influential in making significant contributions to bring positive changes to the communities. Thus, these organisations are suggested to take some rational actions to aware people through cost-benefit analysis who are less interested in participating the rural development. The research had indicated that for the issues encountered in the case of community approach, awareness and understanding should be increased for rural development in a more holistic way. On the contrary, the contemplated study further showed some research limitations, such as lack of mixed method. Thus, it is recommended for future researchers to employ a mixed method on a similar study

Interplay of Two Socio-Political Movements: Khudai Khidmatgar Movement and Independence Movement

Khudai Khidmatgar Movement was an important historical movement which mobilized the polity in a bottom-up direction to awaken the people living in the then North Western Province and today's province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan was a transformational and charismatic leader. He educated common people about non-violence as a tool for organization and accomplishment of designed objectives. The essence of whole movement was rooted in the religion Islam which is interesting against the background of inspiration drawn by Pushtuns nationalists for the legitimacy of their narratives. This work throws new light on historical legacy of Khudai Khidmatgar Movement led by Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan from a leadership perspective through historical comparative method. A new insight will be made to dig out various methods adopted by the leadership of the movement to gain the legitimacy of the movement and which had roots in religious text

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN UNEMPLOYMENT, POVERTY AND CRIME: AN EMPIRICAL CROSS-SECTIONAL ANALYSIS OF PESHAWAR, KHYBERPAKHTUNKHWA: Dr. Anwar Ul Mujahid Shah, Mr. Nauman Reayat, Syed Arshad Ali Shah

The current research studies the impact of crime on unemployment and poverty in Peshawar. The survey was carried out in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and a crosssectional method was used, and a total of 190 respondents were interviewed through an organized questioner. The main dependent variable was crime while the independent variable education, unemployment, and poverty. Structural equation modeling was employed, and as a tool, Smart Pls and SPSS were employed for analysis. Results show that unemployment and poverty had a positive impact on crime. The study followed a descriptive method rationally using a survey questionnaire for data collection. In total, a sample number of 116 responses is valid applied led to a conclusion. These individuals are easily tempted into criminal activities largely due to their low-slung socio-economic background. Furthermore, the study recommended a holistic adult empowerment programs be supported by government stakeholders as well as non-government to alleviate unemployment and poverty. Resultantly, boost up the adolescent concentration, directing towards better and rewarding activities; more strategically smart yout

THE SUPREME COURT OF PAKISTAN AND INSTITUTIONALIZATION: THE CASE STUDY OF NATIONAL RECONCILIATION ORDINANCE: Nauman Reayat, Dr. Anwar Ul Mujahid Shah, Dr.Muhammad Kaleem, Syed Arshad Ali Shah

The Supreme Court of Pakistan (SCP) is one of the pillars of the Government of Pakistan, which is not only a player in the game of governance, but also has the capacity to rewrite the rules of the game in favor of institutionalization. Various organizations of the state started organizing themselves around rules and hence gave rise to an institutionalized form of constitutional governance. In case of NRO, SCP upheld supremacy of the Constitution of Pakistan 1973, independent of political considerations. It’s emphasis on the constitution has driven the process of governance in the country in the direction of institutionalization. This research aims to discover the institutional role of Supreme Court of Pakistan in good governance through its verdict(s) on National Reconciliation Ordinance (NRO). The way in which stability, coherence, adaptability, and autonomy have been achieved by the Supreme Court of Pakistan in the said case will be traced and analyzed

Dynamics of Public Policy on Economic Activity: The Case of Pakistan

The unanticipated domestic and international changes in conjunction with policy discretion become reason for shocks to overall economy that affect overall economic growth. Based on methodology by Blanchard and Perotti (2002) the study used timing of fiscal decisions in a Structural Vector Auto-Regression (SVAR) to map dynamics of shocks due to tax revenue, government expenditures and aggregate output in Pakistan. When tax decisions precede expenditure decision, the tax shocks have a volatile short run impact causing expenditures to sharply adjust. Expenditure shocks persistently increase tax revenues and government expenditures. But in the second specification, expenditure shocks reduce the tax revenue and aggregate output that reverts to equilibrium only in the long run. The response of output shocks is almost identical for both the scenarios. Therefore, growth in output increases taxes collection in Pakistan enabling better management of burden of debt and deficit

A QUALITATIVE INSIGHT INTO THE HEALTHCARE SYSTEM OF PAKISTAN: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE: Nauman Reayat, Dr. Anwar Ul Mujahid Shah, Dr. Mohammad Daud Ali

Objectives: To identify the various features and problems of the health care system of Pakistan and reflect on the health issues of women. Study Design: Historical comparative study Methodology: Qualitative methodology has been employed. The approach to reach findings in this research is historical interpretative. Primary documents such as government reports and reports of the international organization have been analyzed through the research technique of textual analysis.  Results: The health care system of Pakistan comprises of various tiers from the level of the village through Tehsil to District. Various policies about health have been formulated and introduced by the Government of Pakistan, from time to time but most of these policies didn’t meet conclusive and practical shape. Moreover, there are various problems with the health care system such as absence or shortcoming of adequate expert force, provision of quality medicine, and above all less spending on the health sector by the government. As far as the health issues of women are concerned, women are suffering from multiple diverse and sophisticated diseases. Issues related to reproduction and pregnancies are common. There are cultural constraints as well which impedes women’s access to primary and secondary health care. Conclusions: The Healthcare system of Pakistan is devoid of the latest technology and expectations of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). For the reform of the health sector in Pakistan, it is concluded that the health sector requires enhanced spending on a budgetary level of government. Special attention, on the part of government and society, is required for uplift of women’s health and elimination of health problems. In this regard awareness programs for the males of society need to be launched so that women should not have accessibility to health facilities issues anymor