6 research outputs found
Cellular Layer-by-Layer Coculture Platform Using Biodegradable, Nanoarchitectured Membranes for Stem Cell Therapy
Stem
cells are regulated <i>in vivo</i> through interactions
with the surrounding microenvironments in a three-dimensional (3D)
manner. A coculture of stem cells with desired cell types, which recapitulates
the complex <i>in vivo</i> cell–cell communications,
has been reported as an effective method to direct stem cell differentiation
into specific lineage. However, conventional bilayer coculture systems
employ membranes of microscale thickness and low porosity, which limit
interaction between cocultured cells for efficient stem cell differentiation.
Furthermore, conventional coculture systems require cell-impairing
enzyme treatment to harvest the cells from the membranes. Here, we
developed a cellular layer-by-layer (cLbL) coculture platform using
biodegradable, nanothin, highly porous (BNTHP) membranes. Equipped
with more porous and thinner membranes, the cLbL coculture platform
better mimicked the <i>in vivo</i> 3D microenvironment and
promoted cellular cross-talks between cocultured cells which occurred
in nanoscale, resulting in more efficient stem cell differentiation
compared to the conventional bilayer coculture systems. Furthermore,
biodegradibility, biocompatibility, and highly flexibility of BNTHP
membranes enabled conversion of the cell-attached membranes into implantable
3D cell constructs, thus avoiding harmful enzymatic harvesting of
the cells. The cLbL platform may be an effective method to induce
stem cell differentiation and facilitate cell implantation for stem
cell therapy
Gold Nanoparticle/Graphene Oxide Hybrid Sheets Attached on Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Effective Photothermal Cancer Therapy
Cell-mediated
nanoparticle delivery has been proposed for an effective
cancer therapy. However, there are limitations in loading nanoparticles
within cells as the internalized nanoparticles cause cytotoxicity
and leak out of the cells via exocytosis. Here, we introduce hybrid
sheets composed of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and graphene oxide (GO),
which stably adhere to the cell surface and exhibit a remarkable photothermal
effect. To form AuNP/GO sheets in which GO is sandwiched between two
AuNP monolayers, AuNPs are coated with α-synuclein protein and
subsequently adsorbed onto GO sheets. Attaching AuNP/GO sheets to
the tumor-tropic mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) surface enhances the
loading efficiency of AuNPs in MSCs by avoiding the cytotoxicity and
exocytosis issues. Furthermore, the tight packing of AuNPs on microscaled
GO sheets enhances the photothermal effect via strong plasmon coupling
between AuNPs. The injection of AuNP/GO sheet-attached MSCs into tumor-bearing
mice significantly improves the photothermal therapeutic efficacy
by delivering larger amounts of AuNPs to the tumor and generating
higher heat at the tumor region compared to injection of AuNP-internalized
MSCs. The system of attaching AuNP/GO hybrid sheets to the tumor-tropic
cell surface may be an effective platform for cancer therapy
Cooperative Catechol-Functionalized Polypept(o)ide Brushes and Ag Nanoparticles for Combination of Protein Resistance and Antimicrobial Activity on Metal Oxide Surfaces
Prevention of biofouling
and microbial contamination of implanted
biomedical devices is essential to maintain their functionality and
biocompatibility. For this purpose, polypept(o)ide block copolymers
have been developed, in which a protein-resistant polysarcosine (pSar)
block is combined with a dopamine-modified poly(glutamic acid) block
for surface coating and silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) formation. In
the development of a novel, versatile, and biocompatible antibacterial
surface coating, block lengths pSar were varied to derive structure–property
relationships. Notably, the catechol moiety performs two important
tasks in parallel; primarily it acts as an efficient anchoring group
to metal oxide surfaces, while it furthermore induces the formation
of Ag NPs. Attributing to the dual function of catechol moieties,
antifouling pSar brush and antimicrobial Ag NPs can not only adhere
stably on metal oxide surfaces, but also display passive antifouling
and active antimicrobial activity, showing good biocompatibility simultaneously.
The developed strategy seems to provide a promising platform for functional
modification of biomaterials surface to preserve their performance
while reducing the risk of bacterial infections
Nanothin Coculture Membranes with Tunable Pore Architecture and Thermoresponsive Functionality for Transfer-Printable Stem Cell-Derived Cardiac Sheets
Coculturing stem cells with the desired cell type is an effective method to promote the differentiation of stem cells. The features of the membrane used for coculturing are crucial to achieving the best outcome. Not only should the membrane act as a physical barrier that prevents the mixing of the cocultured cell populations, but it should also allow effective interactions between the cells. Unfortunately, conventional membranes used for coculture do not sufficiently meet these requirements. In addition, cell harvesting using proteolytic enzymes following coculture impairs cell viability and the extracellular matrix (ECM) produced by the cultured cells. To overcome these limitations, we developed nanothin and highly porous (NTHP) membranes, which are ∼20-fold thinner and ∼25-fold more porous than the conventional coculture membranes. The tunable pore size of NTHP membranes at the nanoscale level was found crucial for the formation of direct gap junctions-mediated contacts between the cocultured cells. Differentiation of the cocultured stem cells was dramatically enhanced with the pore size-customized NTHP membrane system compared to conventional coculture methods. This was likely due to effective physical contacts between the cocultured cells and the fast diffusion of bioactive molecules across the membrane. Also, the thermoresponsive functionality of the NTHP membranes enabled the efficient generation of homogeneous, ECM-preserved, highly viable, and transfer-printable sheets of cardiomyogenically differentiated cells. The coculture platform developed in this study would be effective for producing various types of therapeutic multilayered cell sheets that can be differentiated from stem cells
Reversible Cell Layering for Heterogeneous Cell Assembly Mediated by Ionic Cross-Linking of Chitosan and a Functionalized Cell Surface Membrane
Current
heterogeneous cell assembly techniques in coculture systems
rely on irreversible cell layering or a cell separation membrane.
However, the techniques possess major drawbacks of inefficiency in
direct interactions of the assembled cell layers and cell separation
following coculture, which hamper characterization and therapeutic
applications of the cells following coculture. Here, we develop a
reversible cell layering platform for assembly of heterogeneous cells
that allows both active direct cell–cell interactions and facile
cell separation. Anionic maleimide-chondroitin-sulfate is grafted
onto the surface membrane of myogenic C2C12 cells and human mesenchymal
stem cells (hMSCs) to modify the surface charge of the cells without
cytotoxicity. A highly porous chitosan thin film is formed <i>in situ</i> interspacing between the heterogeneous cell layers
via ionic cross-linking of cationic chitosan and anionic functionalized
cells, forming compactly assembled double-layered cell constructs.
The chitosan film enables layering of the cells, which allows active
direct interactions between the cell layers, and facile delayering
of the cells through simple treatment with mild shear stress. The
developed platform promotes the myogenic commitment of hMSCs via direct
contact with C2C12 cells, mimicking the interactions that trigger
stem cell differentiation <i>in vivo</i>. Delivery of the
myogenic committed cells to muscle-injured animal models shows evident
muscle regeneration
Dual Roles of Graphene Oxide To Attenuate Inflammation and Elicit Timely Polarization of Macrophage Phenotypes for Cardiac Repair
Development of localized
inflammatory environments by M1 macrophages
in the cardiac infarction region exacerbates heart failure after myocardial
infarction (MI). Therefore, the regulation of inflammation by M1 macrophages
and their timely polarization toward regenerative M2 macrophages suggest
an immunotherapy. Particularly, controlling cellular generation of
reactive oxygen species (ROS), which cause M1 differentiation, and
developing M2 macrophage phenotypes in macrophages propose a therapeutic
approach. Previously, stem or dendritic cells were used in MI for
their anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective potentials and showed
inflammation modulation and M2 macrophage progression for cardiac
repair. However, cell-based therapeutics are limited due to invasive
cell isolation, time-consuming cell expansion, labor-intensive and
costly <i>ex vivo</i> cell manipulation, and low grafting
efficiency. Here, we report that graphene oxide (GO) can serve as
an antioxidant and attenuate inflammation and inflammatory polarization
of macrophages <i>via</i> reduction in intracellular ROS.
In addition, GO functions as a carrier for interleukin-4 plasmid DNA
(IL-4 pDNA) that propagates M2 macrophages. We synthesized a macrophage-targeting/polarizing
GO complex (MGC) and demonstrated that MGC decreased ROS in immune-stimulated
macrophages. Furthermore, DNA-functionalized MGC (MGC/IL-4 pDNA) polarized
M1 to M2 macrophages and enhanced the secretion of cardiac repair-favorable
cytokines. Accordingly, injection of MGC/IL-4 pDNA into mouse MI models
attenuated inflammation, elicited early polarization toward M2 macrophages,
mitigated fibrosis, and improved heart function. Taken together, the
present study highlights a biological application of GO in timely
modulation of the immune environment in MI for cardiac repair. Current
therapy using off-the-shelf material GO may overcome the shortcomings
of cell therapies for MI