Microphase Separation of P3HT-Containing Miktoarm Star Copolymers

Well-defined [poly­(methyl methacrylate)]₂­poly­(3-hexyl­thiophene) miktoarm star copolymers (PMMA₂P3HT) were successfully synthesized via anionic coupling reaction. P3HT with two bromine groups at one chain end (P3HT-Br₂) was synthesized by Williamson reaction between excess amount of tris­(bromo­methyl)­benzene and hydroxyl-terminated P3HT. From anionic coupling reaction between living PMMA anions and P3HT-Br₂, we prepared a series of PMMA₂P3HTs having narrow molecular weight distribution (polydispersity index < 1.21) with various block compositions. While most P3HT-containing linear rod–coil block copolymers show only fibril structure, PMMA₂P3HT shows conventional block copolymer self-assembled structures. Namely, spherical, hexagonally packed cylindrical, and lamellar microdomains including fibril structure were formed, confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), depending on the weight fraction of P3HT (<i>w</i>_P3HT). Even at a <i>w</i>_P3HT = 0.72, lamellar microdomains were observed because of the curvature effect resulting from miktoarm architecture at the interface between two blocks. The result implies that the macromolecular architecture is one of the important factors for adjusting self-assembled morphology of P3HT-containing block copolymers. Moreover, the melting temperature of P3HT in PMMA₂P3HT having lamellar or cylindrical morphology does not decrease compared with neat P3HT homopolymer, which means that the rod/rod interaction of P3HT was well-maintained under miktoarm architecture

Bioinspired Dual Stimuli-Responsive Membranous System with Multiple On–Off Gates

Stimuli-responsive polymers have been widely used for controlled release of several biomolecules. In general, a single stimulus among various stimuli, for instance, temperature, pH, or light, has been used for these polymers. Although some stimuli are applied together, one cannot control each stimulus independently at a given stimulus-responsive polymer. However, to mimic biological system like cell membrane, multiple on–off gates utilizing independent control of dual (or multiple) stimuli should be used. Here, we introduce a stimuli-responsive membrane controlled by two orthogonal stimuli. For this purpose, the top and the bottom parts of anodized aluminum oxide membrane walls are independently grafted by thermoresponsive poly­(<i>N</i>-isopropylacrylamide) and pH-responsive poly­(acrylic acid), respectively, by using surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization. The membrane clearly showed two independent on–off gates depending on temperature and pH. Furthermore, through light irradiation of two different wavelengths (near-infrared and ultraviolet), temperature and pH were also controlled independently and promptly. Thus, this membrane shows two independent on–off gating of the transport of a model biomolecule of fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled bovine serum albumin. This strategy suggests the potential of independently modified membrane in layers as stimuli-responsive on–off gates for the application of artificial cell membrane

Food-fodder traits in groundnut

Changes in the level of GPT, BUN, and creatinine by treatment with LL28 in mice. (PDF 109 kb

Additional file 3: Table S2. of Development of a 4-aminopyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-based dual IGF1R/Src inhibitor as a novel anticancer agent with minimal toxicity

The IC50 values showing the inhibitory effect of LL28 on the viability of a panel of human lung cancer cells. (PDF 177 kb

Additional file 4: Table S3. of Development of a 4-aminopyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-based dual IGF1R/Src inhibitor as a novel anticancer agent with minimal toxicity

The IC50 values showing the inhibitory effect of LL28 on the anchorage-dependent colony -forming ability of a panel of human lung cancer cells. (PDF 176 kb

Additional file 5: Table S4. of Development of a 4-aminopyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-based dual IGF1R/Src inhibitor as a novel anticancer agent with minimal toxicity

Changes in the level of GPT, BUN, and creatinine by treatment with LL28 in mice. (PDF 109 kb