Theories of economic miracles

Studies into the Wealth of Nations have been the aim of economics since Adam Smith. However, the spectacular rise of some economies, beginning with industrializing England in the 18th century, has been of particular interest. England's rise has been as miraculous in the eyes of the observers as the rise of Germany and Japan from the ashes of World War II or the rise of South Korea from one of the poorest countries in the world to the league of OECD members in the second half of the twentieth century and later the rise of China. Nevertheless, to write about theories of economic miracles seems to be daring, since the architects of these miracles, like fervently Ludwig Erhard, flatly denied anything miraculous in the development of their respective economies. Modestly, they spoke of the natural result of liberalization or, in another case, getting the basics right. If this is the case, are there any ways to stellar economic performance to be emulated? Are there, more modestly, any lessons from the economic miracles of the past for the future development of other economies? --Economic Miracle,Growth Performance,Economic Order,Institutional Factors of Growth,Expectation Equilibrium

Visual Rhetoric in Outdoor Advertising

The paper presents a research, the aim of which is to find out how graphic expressions and visual language can be used for persuasion. The research material consists of outdoor advertisements photographed in their actual exhibition places in a city environment. Outdoor advertising media, which are used to communicate visual messages from a sender to several addressees, participate in building the visual city culture and open manifold solutions in design. The visual language used in the research material is analyzed in order to find out how advertising messages, their denotations and connotations, are constructed and how arguments used for persuasion are visualized. The first analysis is based on the knowledge and methods used in graphic design practice, which has been defined to be the process of making, choosing and arranging marks in order to convey a message. The analysis shows that different modes, techniques and visual elements are applied to attract the attention of spectators and arouse interest towards the message of an artefact. The second analysis is based on communication studies and semiotics, especially on Roman Jakobson’s theory about the functions of communication. The method of combining two analyses reveals different ways of using visual language and syntaxes to announce the excellence of an advertised product, service or subject. It also shows various types of visual arguments used in advertisements. Three types of visual rhetoric emerge from the research material. They are called brand rhetoric, personalized rhetoric and poetic rhetoric. The taxonomy of visual rhetoric exemplifies how visual language can be constructed and used for persuasion. It shows that the decisions in design influence the messages and meanings created. The research calls for further studies as regards the reception of visual rhetoric and suggests that the taxonomy of visual rhetoric could be applied in visual communication design and in the analysis of advertising messages. Keywords: Outdoor Advertisement/Advertising; Visual Rhetoric; Visual Language; Graphic Design; Visual Communication Design; Advertising Message</p

Clebsch Potentials in the Variational Principle for a Perfect Fluid

Equations for a perfect fluid can be obtained by means of the variational principle both in the Lagrangian description and in the Eulerian one. It is known that we need additional fields somehow to describe a rotational isentropic flow in the latter description. We give a simple explanation for these fields; they are introduced to fix both ends of a pathline in the variational calculus. This restriction is imposed in the former description, and should be imposed in the latter description. It is also shown that we can derive a canonical Hamiltonian formulation for a perfect fluid by regarding the velocity field as the input in the framework of control theory.Comment: 15 page

Studies of the complexation behavior of tetramorpholinylo-PNP-lariat ether with Ag(I), Ca(II), Cd(II), Cu(II) and Pb(II) using Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

In this publication the cationic metal complexes of tetramorpholinylo-PNP-lariat ether have been studied using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The tandem mass spectra (MS/MS) of these complexes have also been tested to evaluate the stability of the different types of the complexes formed. As occurred, all selected metal cations form the complexes with 1 : 1 stoichiometry with the investigated ligand. Only silver ions create a ‘‘sandwich’’ type complex. Furthermore, the divalent cations form complexes with the nitrate anion adduct. In the case of Ca(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) we also observed another type of the species with an additional water molecule attached to the parent complex

Theories of economic miracles

Studies into the Wealth of Nations have been the aim of economics since Adam Smith. However, the spectacular rise of some economies, beginning with industrializing England in the 18th century, has been of particular interest. England's rise has been as miraculous in the eyes of the observers as the rise of Germany and Japan from the ashes of World War II or the rise of South Korea from one of the poorest countries in the world to the league of OECD members in the second half of the twentieth century and later the rise of China. Nevertheless, to write about theories of economic miracles seems to be daring, since the architects of these miracles, like fervently Ludwig Erhard, flatly denied anything miraculous in the development of their respective economies. Modestly, they spoke of the natural result of liberalization or, in another case, getting the basics right. If this is the case, are there any ways to stellar economic performance to be emulated? Are there, more modestly, any lessons from the economic miracles of the past for the future development of other economies

On integrability and aggregation of superior demand functions

When each of the members of a collective displays a demand behavior that is consistent with a homogeneous of degree one in income demand, it is well known that some properties carry over to the aggregate representative consumer. We investigate those issues when the components of the society are allowed to behave in agreement with less restrictive demand patterns, namely superior demand functions.

Die zweite Welle: Ordnungspolitische Herausforderungen der ostasiatischen Wirtschaftsentwicklung

In den letzten Jahren mehrten sich die Stimmen, die das kommende Jahrhundert als das asiatische Jahrhundert bezeichneten. Während diese Vorhersage bei westlichen Kommentatoren eher mit Sorge erfolgt, wird sie in den schnell wachsenden Volkswirtschaften Ostasiens mit unverhohlenem Stolz auf die eigene Leistung gemacht. Tatsächlich stellt das Wachstum Ostasiens eine Herausforderung für die entwickelten Volkswirtschaften des Westens. Dabei ist diese Herausforderung einmal eine Frage von Marktanteilen, Exporterfolgen und Ressourcenverbrauch. Hier hat die Diskussion oft auch im Westen in deutlich neo-merkantilistische Züge: Marktanteile Chinas sind dann Verluste für eigene Firmen, Arbeitslosigkeit eine Folge der neuen starken Konkurrenten aus dem Osten. Zweitens, und mehr fundamental, ist die Herausforderung auch ordnungspolitisch. Stellt der Erfolg Ostasiens, vor allem auch in China und Vietnam, nicht die ordnungspolitischen Gewissheiten des Westens in Frage? Kann dauerhaft Wachstum ohne Demokratie und Transparenz erfolgreich sein? Während die Asienkrise eine negative Antwort für die kleinen Tiger zu geben schien, steht die Antwort auf die Frage vor allem für China, den nach allen Maßstäben wichtigsten Staat der zweiten Welle, noch aus

A coordinate-independent version of Hoppensteadt's convergence theorem

The classical theorems about singular perturbation reduction (due to Tikhonov and Fenichel) are concerned with convergence on a compact time interval (in slow time) as a small parameter approaches zero. For unbounded time intervals Hoppensteadt gave a convergence theorem, but his criteria are generally not easy to apply to concrete given systems. We state and prove a convergence result for autonomous systems on unbounded time intervals which relies on criteria that are relatively easy to verify, in particular for the case of a one-dimensional slow manifold. As for applications, we discuss several reaction equations from biochemistry.Comment: 26 pages; small change

A Variational Principle for Dissipative Fluid Dynamics

In the variational principle leading to the Euler equation for a perfect fluid, we can use the method of undetermined multiplier for holonomic constraints representing mass conservation and adiabatic condition. For a dissipative fluid, the latter condition is replaced by the constraint specifying how to dissipate. Noting that this constraint is nonholonomic, we can derive the balance equation of momentum for viscous and viscoelastic fluids by using a single variational principle. We can also derive the associated Hamiltonian formulation by regarding the velocity field as the input in the framework of control theory.Comment: 15 page

City Sets – Narrating Visual Urban Identities

City Sets - Visual Urban Identities was a workshop and a seminar arranged for post-graduate students in graphic design, new media, photography and architecture in November 2010. The aim was to research and discuss designs, artifacts and visual narratives embedded in an urban environment. Photo-observation, video recording and interviews were used to collect pictorial material and to investigate modes of visualizing information, identities, promotion and narratives in cities. City Sets is a metaphor that refers to cities as stages where passers-by are seen as actors. Architecture in an urban environment tells history and frames places, which can be seen as stages for various scenes and encounters to come about. Advertising and signage as city sets influence the appearance of a place, although their functions are information and promotion. Arts on streets have developed new modes for participation questioning the restrictions and rights to use public space. Anthropologists have used photography and filming for documentation since 1800s and photo-observation is associated with ethnography. For artists and designers it is a method to explore and observe the world and collect material to create new artworks. In City Sets project these two aspects were combined. In collaborative fieldwork the students documented urban scenes and collected material, which they developed further and created multi-linear visual narratives. The material was arranged and presented online by the City Sets Multilinear media player application designed for the project. The paper presents the workshop model as a visual method applicable for research and for media design