Tribal Corridor Management Planning: Model, Case Study, and Guide for Caltrans District 1, Research Report 10-01

In Northern California, tribal governments and personnel of the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) District 1, have applied innovative context-sensitive solutions to meet a variety of transportation challenges along state highways that traverse tribal lands. This report describes and discusses the efforts under way and offer suggestions for continuing and extending these initiatives through the development of Tribal Corridor Management Plans (TCMPs). The methods employed in this project are multidisciplinary and include: (1) content analysis of existing corridor management plans; (2) literature review to identify “best practices;” (3) participant observation; (4) interviews with local stakeholders; (5) focus group interviews with Caltrans personnel; and (6) landscape analysis. This study’s authors conclude that Caltrans District 1 staff and tribal governments share common goals for highway operations; however, progress —while significant—has been somewhat hampered by geographic and administrative challenges. It is recommended that Caltrans and the tribes seek early and frequent communication and collaboration to overcome these obstacles. Further, they identify several examples of non-standard design elements that could be incorporated into highway improvements to enhance local sense of place among both residents and travelers. A preliminary TCMP for the segment of State Route 96 that lies within the boundaries of the Hoopa Valley Indian Reservation is presented as an example. Beyond its role as a guide for initiating tribal corridor projects within Caltrans District 1, the report should prove instructive for any efforts to enhance sense of place within transportation byways, particularly in Native communities

Effects of Simple Postural Instructions on Running Form Modification in Recreational Runners – Preliminary Findings

Background and purpose: Running is one of the most popular exercises but it is also an activity with a high incidence of injury. Running form modification involving a forward lean of the trunk and forefoot strike pattern has been shown to be effective in attenuating the impact forces of the lower extremity. However, it is currently unknown how these changes can be most effectively instructed and learned by the runners. Previous studies have shown that practicing a motor task with an external focus can facilitate learning and retention when compared to the more common internal focus instructions. The purpose of this study is to examine the effectiveness of external and internal attentional focus cues on trunk posture and peak vertical ground reaction force (GRF) during the stance phase of running. Subjects and Methods: Ten recreational runners were selected for this study and randomly assigned tone of two groups receiving external or internal instructions designed to modify their running form. Trunk posture and GRF were obtained using a 3D motion capture system and a force plate instrumented treadmill while running at 2.5 m/s and a self-selected speed. Subjects were tested over a 5-week time period consisting of 4 sessions over a 4-week training program, followed by a final session 1 week after the training program to analyze retention of running form modification. Results: Overall there was a significant increase in trunk angle observed over time, following instruction, for both groups at speed 2.5 m/s. Running at speeds 2.5 m/s and a self-selected speed showed no statistically significant difference in increased trunk angle or GRF when comparing an internal versus external attentional focus. Conclusion: Simple postural instructions were shown to be effective for inducing greater trunk lean during running. This study found no difference in trunk angle or GRF when comparing internal and external attentional focus groups. Future studies would benefit from using clear and proper instructions that incorporate internal and external attentional focus cues with feedback to reinforce motor learning

Culture and conflict in Israel.

Times Square went mad with noise and excitement, and a small freighter slipped from its Brooklyn berth into the drama of the night. It was December 31, 1949--midnight-January 1, 1950; and I was on my way to the world in general and Israel and the Near East in particular. To say the words Near East, to hear them spoken, to read the combination of Latin letters, even to think them fleetingly can conjure up for me a haze of incense-tinged dreams in which I see exotic sights, breathe pungent odours, and hear mysterious sounds. The Near East is all this and more. It reeks of intrigue, passion, idealism, sweat, blood, mysticism, laughter, romance, tension, eternal values. One is aware of these elements at times and in places, individually or in combination; and after only a few hours in the Near East one is aware of the presence of one of these factors all the time and in every place--TENSION. The tension may be political, it may be religious, or it may be social; more often than not there is an intermingling. I lived in Israel almost five years with time out for a trip or two to the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordon, a jaunt or two to the Continent, and a stop or two in North Africa. Part of that time Jerusalem was the home base, part of the time it was Nazareth. Belonging to that school of thought while in Rome do as …, Hebrew and Arabic became more important than English, and a tiyul (junket to some part of the country) more important than an embassy tea. Hebrew, I studied formally with a private teacher and at the Hebrew University and informally with the greengrocer and the metalsmith and at wonderful sessions over a cup of fragrant thick coffee where ideas were presented and defended. Vulgar Arabic (colloquial, that is) I learned parrot-style; classical Arabic I studied in Nazareth whose population was some 9g per cent Arab. The junkets took me to various parts of the country: ultra-modern cities, biblical towns, ma\u27abarot (transient camps), kibbutzim (communal villages), sheikdoms, collective villages, outposts, and ancient ruins. In every experience there was an awareness of tension. During university days I learned to view tension, its causes and effects, as social phenomena; and the field of social tension became a major interest in my thinking. It was quite natural, therefore, that living in an area where tension wore little disguise it should compel my attention. My information came as the result of interviews formal and informal, the addition of scores of new books to my personal library, the collection of clippings, mounds of magazines, newspapers and bulletins, and my personal and sometimes undecipherable notations of on the scene experiences. Some explanations with regard to certain materials given in the text are in order. The terms Near East and Middle East are used interchangeably. They may be construed to mean the same general area. Exceptions to the herein described Islamic culture are to be found in the large cities where culture diffusion is in process, many of its inhabitants having had European contact. These cities, however, are not typical of Oriental countries any more than Paris is typical of France or New York typical of the United States

All but the Rarest of Children: Miller and Montgomery\u27s Implicit Ban on Victim and Community Impact Testimony in Juvenile Life Without Parole Sentencing

In Miller v. Alabama and Montgomery v. Louisiana, the Supreme Court held mandatory juvenile life without parole sentences unconstitutional and applied this retroactively. Many state juvenile life without parole statutes list factors for a court to consider in deciding whether to sentence to life without parole. Frequently, victim or community impact testimony (or both) are included. This Note argues that the inclusion of such should not be permitted during the consideration of a juvenile life without parole sentence, as it does not contribute to individualized sentencing or rehabilitative potential of an offender

Perceptions Of Nurse Practitioners Regarding Expanded Practice In The Emergency Department

Nurse practitioners have been in collaboration with physicians for several years. However, there is only a small percent who work in the emergency department. Due to an increasing population seeking primary care in the emergency department, the purpose of this research study was to identify the perceptions of nurse practitioners regarding the expanded practice in the emergency department. King\u27s Theory of Goal Attainment was utilized as the theoretical framework for the study. The research question for this study was what are the perceptions of nurse practitioners regarding the role of expanded practice in the emergency department? The Scoggin Task Checklist consisting of 27 different tasks was used to identify which tasks were appropriate for the nurse practitioners to perform in the emergency department. This questionnaire determined the tasks that nurse practitioners perceived they could perform with or without physician collaboration and also identified what tasks are outside the nurse practitioner role. The questionnaire was mailed to 300 randomly selected practicing family nurse practitioners in the United States whose names were randomly selected by the American Nurses Credentialing Center in Washington, D.C. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics. Of the 300 mailed questionnaires, 180 (65%) were returned completed. Eleven of the tasks presented were perceived by a majority of the respondents as not in the nurse practitioner role or within the role of the nurse practitioner with the collaborating physician on-site. Responses also revealed that a majority of the respondents perceived 16 of the 27 tasks were within the nurse practitioner role for performance in the emergency department. These 16 tasks perceived within the role of the nurse practitioner were also identified as tasks which could be performed either without the collaborating physician onsite or without physician collaboration