Multiple novel prostate cancer susceptibility signals identified by fine-mapping of known risk loci among Europeans

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified numerous common prostate cancer (PrCa) susceptibility loci. We have fine-mapped 64 GWAS regions known at the conclusion of the iCOGS study using large-scale genotyping and imputation in 25 723 PrCa cases and 26 274 controls of European ancestry. We detected evidence for multiple independent signals at 16 regions, 12 of which contained additional newly identified significant associations. A single signal comprising a spectrum of correlated variation was observed at 39 regions; 35 of which are now described by a novel more significantly associated lead SNP, while the originally reported variant remained as the lead SNP only in 4 regions. We also confirmed two association signals in Europeans that had been previously reported only in East-Asian GWAS. Based on statistical evidence and linkage disequilibrium (LD) structure, we have curated and narrowed down the list of the most likely candidate causal variants for each region. Functional annotation using data from ENCODE filtered for PrCa cell lines and eQTL analysis demonstrated significant enrichment for overlap with bio-features within this set. By incorporating the novel risk variants identified here alongside the refined data for existing association signals, we estimate that these loci now explain ∼38.9% of the familial relative risk of PrCa, an 8.9% improvement over the previously reported GWAS tag SNPs. This suggests that a significant fraction of the heritability of PrCa may have been hidden during the discovery phase of GWAS, in particular due to the presence of multiple independent signals within the same regio

Unitary or unified taxonomy?

Taxonomic data form a substantial, but scattered, resource. The alternative to such a fragmented system is a 'unitary' one of preferred, consensual classifications. For effective access and distribution the (Web) revision for a given taxon would be established at a single Internet site. Although all the international codes of nomenclature currently preclude the Internet as a valid medium of publication, elements of unitary taxonomy (UT) still exist in the paper system. Much taxonomy, unitary or not, already resides on the Web. Arguments for and against adopting a unitary approach are considered and a resolution is attempted. Rendering taxonomy essentially Web-based is as inevitable as it is desirable. Apparently antithetical to the UT proposal is the view that in reality multiple classifications of the same taxon exist, since different taxonomists often hold different concepts of their taxa: a single name may apply to many different (frequently overlapping) circumscriptions and more than one name to a single taxon. However, novel means are being developed on single Internet sites to retain the diversity of multiple concepts for taxa, providing hope that taxonomy may become established as a Web-based information discipline that will unify the discipline and facilitate data access

The structure and affinities of the Hedyloidea: a new concept of the butterflies

Volume: 53Start Page: 251End Page: 28

The 1995 Presidential Address

Volume: 9Start Page: 242End Page: 25

Hispophora Janse 1932

<i>HISPOPHORA</i> JANSE <p> <i>Hispophora</i> Janse, 1932. Type species: <i>Peridela lechriospilota</i> Prout, 1922. South Africa.</p> <p> <i>Hispophora</i> was placed immediately after <i>Hypotephrina</i> (see above) in Janse’s treatment of the South</p> <p> African Ennominae. As for that genus, we find no reason to place <i>Hispophora</i> in the Macariini.</p>Published as part of <i>Scoble, Malcolm J. & Krüger, Martin, 2002, A review of the genera of Macariini with a revised classification of the tribe (Geometridae: Ennominae), pp. 257-315 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 134 (3)</i> on page 313, DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00008.x, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/5434168">http://zenodo.org/record/5434168</a&gt

Milocera Swinhoe 1904

<i>MILOCERA</i> SWINHOE <p>(Figs 2, 64–67)</p> <p> <i>Milocera</i> Swinhoe, 1904. Type species: <i>Milocera horaria</i> Swinhoe (1904). Madagascar.</p> <p> <i>Description</i></p> <p> <i>Head</i>. Chaetosemata extended. Antenna fasciculate, not bipectinate.</p> <p> <i>Wings</i> (Fig. 2). Often weakly falcate; ranging from off-white, through ochreous to red-brown.</p> <p> <i>Male genitalia</i> (Figs 64, 66). Uncus usually fairly narrow, pointed or truncated. Gnathos present. Valva divided; shape of costa and of sacculus varies; stout spine-like setae usually present.</p> <p> <i>Pregenital abdomen of male</i>. Sternum A3 with or without a patch of bristles medially. Sternum A8 with margin weakly emarginated in type species, ranging to bilobed in some other species and with curved hornlike octavals in others.</p> <p> <i>Female genitalia</i> (Figs 65, 67). Corpus bursae small and usually densely covered with spines (as in <i>Platypepla</i>), but spines absent in type species (<i>horaria</i>).</p> <p> <i>Diagnosis</i>. The type species, which occurs in Madagascar, differs in the structure of the genitalia from all other species of <i>Milocera</i>, notably in the shape of the valva (see Fig. 64). The valva of <i>M. horaria</i> does not bear stout setae, which differs from the situation in many species. In the female, the shape of the corpus bursae is small and round, typical of the <i>Platypepla</i> - group of genera, but it lacks the dense arrangement of spines found in other species of <i>Milocera</i>.</p> <p> <i>Distribution</i>. Afrotropical region north of 21°S, and Madagascar.</p> <p> <i>Comments</i>. The inclusion of species additional to the type species by Prout (1922, 1932, 1934), Herbulot (1973, 1989) and, particularly, Krüger (2001) is accepted here provisionally on grounds mainly of similarity in general appearance of the moths and, in particular, the weakly falcate shape of the forewings. An alternative approach would be to synonymize <i>Milocera</i> with <i>Platypepla</i>, thus expanding considerably the concept of this latter genus. The species of <i>Platypepla</i> (in the sense adopted here), however, form a monophyletic group based on characters from the wings and, particularly, of the male genitalia.</p> <p> <i>Number of species.</i> Twenty-six species are listed by Krüger (2001), 16 of which are new.</p>Published as part of <i>Scoble, Malcolm J. & Krüger, Martin, 2002, A review of the genera of Macariini with a revised classification of the tribe (Geometridae: Ennominae), pp. 257-315 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 134 (3)</i> on pages 268-269, DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00008.x, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/5434168">http://zenodo.org/record/5434168</a&gt

A review of the genera associated with the tribe Asthenini (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Larentiinae)

Volume: 71Start Page: 77End Page: 13