12 research outputs found

    Modelling Human Regulatory Variation in Mouse: Finding the Function in Genome-Wide Association Studies and Whole-Genome Sequencing

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    An increasing body of literature from genome-wide association studies and human whole-genome sequencing highlights the identification of large numbers of candidate regulatory variants of potential therapeutic interest in numerous diseases. Our relatively poor understanding of the functions of non-coding genomic sequence, and the slow and laborious process of experimental validation of the functional significance of human regulatory variants, limits our ability to fully benefit from this information in our efforts to comprehend human disease. Humanized mouse models (HuMMs), in which human genes are introduced into the mouse, suggest an approach to this problem. In the past, HuMMs have been used successfully to study human disease variants; e.g., the complex genetic condition arising from Down syndrome, common monogenic disorders such as Huntington disease and ÎČ-thalassemia, and cancer susceptibility genes such as BRCA1. In this commentary, we highlight a novel method for high-throughput single-copy site-specific generation of HuMMs entitled High-throughput Human Genes on the X Chromosome (HuGX). This method can be applied to most human genes for which a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) construct can be derived and a mouse-null allele exists. This strategy comprises (1) the use of recombineering technology to create a human variant–harbouring BAC, (2) knock-in of this BAC into the mouse genome using Hprt docking technology, and (3) allele comparison by interspecies complementation. We demonstrate the throughput of the HuGX method by generating a series of seven different alleles for the human NR2E1 gene at Hprt. In future challenges, we consider the current limitations of experimental approaches and call for a concerted effort by the genetics community, for both human and mouse, to solve the challenge of the functional analysis of human regulatory variation

    RÎles spécifiques de l'effecteur Smad5 dans la voie de signalisation des BMPS au niveau de l'épithélium intestinal

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    Les BMPs (Boue Morphogenetic Proteins) sont des morphogĂšnes membres de la superfamille du TGF-[bĂȘta] qui interagissent avec des rĂ©cepteurs de surface cellulaire Ă  activitĂ© sĂ©rine/thrĂ©onine kinase. L'interaction des BMPs avec ces rĂ©cepteurs entraĂźne l'activation d'une cascade de signalisation cellulaire impliquant les facteurs de types R-Smads (Smad1, 5 et 8). La voie de signalisation des BMPs joue des rĂŽles cruciaux dans des processus biologiques tels que l'embryogenĂšse et l'organogenĂšse des tissus ainsi que des processus cellulaires tels que la prolifĂ©ration, la migration et la diffĂ©renciation cellulaire. De plus, ces derniers semblent aussi impliquĂ©s dans les processus de mort cellulaire et dans la tumorigenĂšse. MalgrĂ© un intĂ©rĂȘt grandissant pour la signalisation des BMPs, il existe trĂšs peu d'Ă©tudes sur les rĂŽles spĂ©cifiques jouĂ©s individuellement par les diffĂ©rents Smads dans la morphogenĂšse de l'intestin in vivo . Ceci est principalement dĂ» au fait que la dĂ©lĂ©tion classique des diffĂ©rents effecteurs de la voie des BMPs entraĂźne la mort in utero Ă  cause de multiples dĂ©fauts dans l'embryogenĂšse. Le systĂšme Cre/loxP, sous le contrĂŽle d'un promoteur tissu spĂ©cifique, a Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ© dans notre laboratoire, dans le but de gĂ©nĂ©rer une lignĂ©e murine possĂ©dant une dĂ©lĂ©tion conditionnelle de l'effecteur Smad5 strictement au niveau de l'Ă©pithĂ©lium intestinal. Une analyse comparative Ă  l'aide d'un modĂšle de dĂ©lĂ©tion conditionnelle du rĂ©cepteur BmpR1a au niveau de l'Ă©pithĂ©lium intestinal a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©e afin de dĂ©cortiquer spĂ©cifiquement le rĂŽle de l'effecteur Smad5 dans le dĂ©veloppement de cet organe. Afin de valider les rĂ©sultats obtenus in vivo nous avons gĂ©nĂ©rĂ© un modĂšle cellulaire nous permettant de mimer l'effet de la dĂ©lĂ©tion de l'effecteur Smad5 Ă  l'aide de la technologie du shRNA.Les rĂ©sultats obtenus dans les deux modĂšles suggĂšrent que Smad5 serait un facteur clĂ© impliquĂ© dans la rĂ©gulation de la migration cellulaire des entĂ©rocytes. En effet, l'invalidation de la voie des BMPs et plus particuliĂšrement de l'effecteur Smad5 dans les souris entraĂźne une augmentation de la vitesse de migration des cellules le long de l'axe crypte villositĂ©. Ces rĂ©sultats sont corroborĂ©s dans un modĂšle cellulaire dans lequel l'expression de Smad5 a Ă©tĂ© inhibĂ©e par interfĂ©rence d'ARN. Dans ce modĂšle, la migration se fait de façon beaucoup plus compacte en comparaison aux cellules contrĂŽles. L'augmentation de la vitesse de migration cellulaire pourrait ĂȘtre due Ă  un phĂ©nomĂšne de relocalisation des protĂ©ines de jonctions adhĂ©rentes ainsi qu'Ă  une modulation de l'actine filamenteuse. Ce phĂ©nomĂšne pourrait faire intervenir les petites protĂ©ines G Rho/Rac ainsi que les kinases Src. En plus de l'actine filamenteuse, diffĂ©rentes protĂ©ines impliquĂ©es dans la formation des complexes de jonctions adhĂ©rentes semblent relocalisĂ©es dans nos deux modĂšles (E-cadhĂ©rine/[bĂȘta]-catĂ©nine). En conclusion, les diffĂ©rents rĂ©sultats recueillis au cours de mes travaux de maĂźtrise dans le laboratoire du Dr. Nathalie Perreault nous suggĂšrent que l'effecteur Smad5 de la voie des BMPs serait un facteur impliquĂ© dans la stabilitĂ© des complexes de jonctions adhĂ©rentes, rĂ©gulant ainsi la migration des cellules le long de l'axe crypte villositĂ©

    The use of novel humanized mouse models and transcriptome characterization to study the neurogenesis factor, NR2E1, in brain and eye development

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    The full abstract for this thesis is available in the body of the thesis, and will be available when the embargo expires.Medicine, Faculty ofMedical Genetics, Department ofGraduat

    RÎles spécifiques de l'effecteur Smad5 dans la voie de signalisation des BMPS au niveau de l'épithélium intestinal

    No full text
    Les BMPs (Boue Morphogenetic Proteins) sont des morphogĂšnes membres de la superfamille du TGF-[bĂȘta] qui interagissent avec des rĂ©cepteurs de surface cellulaire Ă  activitĂ© sĂ©rine/thrĂ©onine kinase. L'interaction des BMPs avec ces rĂ©cepteurs entraĂźne l'activation d'une cascade de signalisation cellulaire impliquant les facteurs de types R-Smads (Smad1, 5 et 8). La voie de signalisation des BMPs joue des rĂŽles cruciaux dans des processus biologiques tels que l'embryogenĂšse et l'organogenĂšse des tissus ainsi que des processus cellulaires tels que la prolifĂ©ration, la migration et la diffĂ©renciation cellulaire. De plus, ces derniers semblent aussi impliquĂ©s dans les processus de mort cellulaire et dans la tumorigenĂšse. MalgrĂ© un intĂ©rĂȘt grandissant pour la signalisation des BMPs, il existe trĂšs peu d'Ă©tudes sur les rĂŽles spĂ©cifiques jouĂ©s individuellement par les diffĂ©rents Smads dans la morphogenĂšse de l'intestin in vivo . Ceci est principalement dĂ» au fait que la dĂ©lĂ©tion classique des diffĂ©rents effecteurs de la voie des BMPs entraĂźne la mort in utero Ă  cause de multiples dĂ©fauts dans l'embryogenĂšse. Le systĂšme Cre/loxP, sous le contrĂŽle d'un promoteur tissu spĂ©cifique, a Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ© dans notre laboratoire, dans le but de gĂ©nĂ©rer une lignĂ©e murine possĂ©dant une dĂ©lĂ©tion conditionnelle de l'effecteur Smad5 strictement au niveau de l'Ă©pithĂ©lium intestinal. Une analyse comparative Ă  l'aide d'un modĂšle de dĂ©lĂ©tion conditionnelle du rĂ©cepteur BmpR1a au niveau de l'Ă©pithĂ©lium intestinal a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©e afin de dĂ©cortiquer spĂ©cifiquement le rĂŽle de l'effecteur Smad5 dans le dĂ©veloppement de cet organe. Afin de valider les rĂ©sultats obtenus in vivo nous avons gĂ©nĂ©rĂ© un modĂšle cellulaire nous permettant de mimer l'effet de la dĂ©lĂ©tion de l'effecteur Smad5 Ă  l'aide de la technologie du shRNA.Les rĂ©sultats obtenus dans les deux modĂšles suggĂšrent que Smad5 serait un facteur clĂ© impliquĂ© dans la rĂ©gulation de la migration cellulaire des entĂ©rocytes. En effet, l'invalidation de la voie des BMPs et plus particuliĂšrement de l'effecteur Smad5 dans les souris entraĂźne une augmentation de la vitesse de migration des cellules le long de l'axe crypte villositĂ©. Ces rĂ©sultats sont corroborĂ©s dans un modĂšle cellulaire dans lequel l'expression de Smad5 a Ă©tĂ© inhibĂ©e par interfĂ©rence d'ARN. Dans ce modĂšle, la migration se fait de façon beaucoup plus compacte en comparaison aux cellules contrĂŽles. L'augmentation de la vitesse de migration cellulaire pourrait ĂȘtre due Ă  un phĂ©nomĂšne de relocalisation des protĂ©ines de jonctions adhĂ©rentes ainsi qu'Ă  une modulation de l'actine filamenteuse. Ce phĂ©nomĂšne pourrait faire intervenir les petites protĂ©ines G Rho/Rac ainsi que les kinases Src. En plus de l'actine filamenteuse, diffĂ©rentes protĂ©ines impliquĂ©es dans la formation des complexes de jonctions adhĂ©rentes semblent relocalisĂ©es dans nos deux modĂšles (E-cadhĂ©rine/[bĂȘta]-catĂ©nine). En conclusion, les diffĂ©rents rĂ©sultats recueillis au cours de mes travaux de maĂźtrise dans le laboratoire du Dr. Nathalie Perreault nous suggĂšrent que l'effecteur Smad5 de la voie des BMPs serait un facteur impliquĂ© dans la stabilitĂ© des complexes de jonctions adhĂ©rentes, rĂ©gulant ainsi la migration des cellules le long de l'axe crypte villositĂ©

    Detection of CLCF1 protein expression by flow cytometry

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    Abstract Cardiotrophin-like cytokine factor 1 (CLCF1) is an IL-6 family cytokine with neurotrophic and immuno-modulating functions. CLCF1 mRNA has been detected in primary and secondary lymphoid organs, and up-regulation of CLCF1 mRNA levels has been associated with the T helper (Th) 17 polarization. However, information regarding CLCF1 expression by immune cells at the protein level remains scarce. We have developed a methodology that uses a monoclonal antibody (mAb) directed against CLCF1 for the detection of human and mouse CLCF1 by flow cytometry. We have successfully detected CLCF1 protein expression in cells from the mouse pro-B cell line Ba/F3 that were transduced with CLCF1 cDNA. Interestingly, we found that the anti-CLCF1 mAb inhibits CLCF1 biological activity in vitro by binding to an epitope that encompasses site III of the cytokine. Moreover, we have detected CLCF1 expression in mouse splenic T cells, as well as in vitro differentiated Th1 cells. The specificity of the fluorescence signal was demonstrated using Clcf1-deficient lymphocytes generated using a conditional knock-out mouse model. The detection of CLCF1 protein by flow cytometry will be a valuable tool to study CLCF1 expression during normal and pathological immune responses

    High-throughput generation of regulatory allele series.

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    <p>(A) Human BAC RP11-144P8 was retrofitted seven times to generate the different regulatory variants (column 1). The method of retrofitting (column 2), targeting (column 3), and variant screening (column 4) is presented for each variant. Also given are the number of ESC clones isolated after electroporation (column 5), the number of correctly targeted clones after PCR validation using assays an average of 6 kb, and a maximum of 11 kb, apart (column 6), and the resulting percentage of correctly targeted clones (column 7). (B) Species-specific reverse transcriptase PCR demonstrates transcription from the human BAC in germline animals from four of the strains generated by the high-throughput approach. One-step reverse transcription PCR reactions were performed using oligonucleotides specific for human <i>NR2E1</i>, mouse <i>Nr2e1</i>, and mouse <i>Gapdh</i>. The results show, as expected, expression of the human <i>NR2E1</i> gene in adult eye, forebrain, and midbrain, but not in adult lung, heart, and liver. Marker, 100-bp ladder; positive control (Ctl+), human RNA for human <i>NR2E1</i> assay and mouse RNA for mouse <i>Nr2e1</i> and <i>Gapdh</i> assays; negative control (Ctl−), human RNA for mouse <i>Nr2e1</i> and <i>Gapdh</i> assays and mouse RNA for human <i>NR2E1</i> assay.</p

    The literature is increasing more slowly for humanized mouse models than for GWASs and HWGS or novel mouse models.

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    <p>Interrogation of the PubMed literature database (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed</a>) reveals a faster growing body of literature related to GWASs and HWGS (white bars) or novel mouse models (grey bars) than to HuMMs (black bars). Interrogation of the database was done using the online search option from EndNote (<a href="http://www.endnote.com/" target="_blank">http://www.endnote.com/</a>). Individual numbers of entries for the search terms “genome wide association studies” and “human whole genome sequencing” were added together for the figure. Search terms for novel mouse models were “novel knockout mouse”, “novel knockin mouse”, and “novel knock-in mouse”. The entries for the search term “humanized mouse models” were not restricted to genetic mouse models but included xenograft mouse models as well. Search terms were interrogated in “all fields” per year.</p

    Combined serial analysis of gene expression and transcription factor binding site prediction identifies novel-candidate-target genes of Nr2e1 in neocortex development

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    Background: Nr2e1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 2, group e, member 1) encodes a transcription factor important in neocortex development. Previous work has shown that nuclear receptors can have hundreds of target genes, and bind more than 300 co-interacting proteins. However, recognition of the critical role of Nr2e1 in neural stem cells and neocortex development is relatively recent, thus the molecular mechanisms involved for this nuclear receptor are only beginning to be understood. Serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE), has given researchers both qualitative and quantitative information pertaining to biological processes. Thus, in this work, six LongSAGE mouse libraries were generated from laser microdissected tissue samples of dorsal VZ/SVZ (ventricular zone and subventricular zone) from the telencephalon of wild-type (Wt) and Nr2e1-null embryos at the critical development ages E13.5, E15.5, and E17.5. We then used a novel approach, implementing multiple computational methods followed by biological validation to further our understanding of Nr2e1 in neocortex development. Results In this work, we have generated a list of 1279 genes that are differentially expressed in response to altered Nr2e1 expression during in vivo neocortex development. We have refined this list to 64 candidate direct-targets of NR2E1. Our data suggested distinct roles for Nr2e1 during different neocortex developmental stages. Most importantly, our results suggest a possible novel pathway by which Nr2e1 regulates neurogenesis, which includes Lhx2 as one of the candidate direct-target genes, and SOX9 as a co-interactor. Conclusions In conclusion, we have provided new candidate interacting partners and numerous well-developed testable hypotheses for understanding the pathways by which Nr2e1 functions to regulate neocortex development.Medical Genetics, Department ofMedicine, Faculty ofMolecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Centre forPsychiatry, Department ofNon UBCReviewedFacult
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