270 research outputs found
The Great Recession and Distribution of Income in California
Analyzes changes in household income during the 2007-09 recession by percentile, family structure, and region; the gap between high- and low-income families compared to other states; the impact of un- and underemployment; and the role of education
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Effects of the Two World Wars in Shaping African Colonial Soldiersā Perceptions of Colonialism
This study investigates the extent overseas military service of African colonial soldiers during the two World Wars altered their perceptions of Europeans, colonialism, and themselves. The subsequent impact of these changes is also explored. Soldiers of the French West African tirailleurs sļæ½nļæ½galais in World War I and the British East African Kingās African Rifles in World War II are both examined and compared over the course of their respective periods of service and return to civilian life. While the two World Wars provided significant opportunities for unprecedented numbers of African soldiers to formulate deeper assessments of their role and status in the colonial system than previously imaginable, using this newfound knowledge gained through military service overseas to undermine the European order was another matter. Ultimately, the experiences of colonial soldiers in World Wars I and II proved most notable for showcasing the hypocrisies that sustained colonialism
Carrier Drift-Mobilities and Solar Cell Models for Amorphous and Nanocrystalline Silicon
Hole drift mobilities in hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) and nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si:H) are in the range of 10-3 to 1 cm2/Vs at room-temperature. These low drift mobilities establish corresponding hole mobility limits to the power generation and useful thicknesses of the solar cells. The properties of as-deposited a-Si:H nip solar cells are quite close to their hole mobility limit, but the corresponding limit has not been examined for nc-Si:H solar cells. We explore the predictions for nc-Si:H solar cells based on parameters and values estimated from hole drift-mobility and related measurements. The indicate that the hole mobility limit for nc-Si:H cells corresponds to an optimum intrinsic-layer thickness of 2-3 2m, whereas the best nc-Si:H solar cells (10% conversion efficiency) have thicknesses around 2 2m
Was T. S. Eliot\u27s tantalus Jar actually a Leyden Jar?
T. S. Eliot wrote the introduction to the volume of Ezra Poundās Selected Poems that was published in 1928. In an important and oft-cited passage, he used the term ātantalus jarā. In the present paper, we show that this term was a coinage. It likely refers to the Leyden jar, which was an early device invented in the 1700s for storing electrical charge. Eliot may have become acquainted with it through The Golden Bough (1912), which he refers to in later work. We speculate as to whether Eliotās coinage was intentional or not
Drift-Mobility Measurements and Mobility Edges in Disordered Silicons
Published electron and hole drift-mobility measurements in hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H), amorphous silicon alloys (a-SiGe:H and a-SiC:H), and microcrystalline silicon (Ī¼c-Si:H) are analysed in terms of the exponential bandtail trapping model. A three-parameter model was employed using an exponential bandtail width E, the band mobility Ī¼0, and the attempt-toescape frequency Ī½. Low-temperature measurements indicate a value around Ī¼0 = 1 cm2 Vā1 sā1 for both the conduction and valence bands over the entire range of materials. High temperature-measurements for electrons in a-Si:H suggest a larger value of 7 cm2 Vā1 sā1. These properties and those of the frequency Ī½ are discussed as possible attributes of a mobility edge
Hole Mobilities and the Physics of Amorphous Silicon Solar Cells
The effects of low hole mobilities in the intrinsic layer of pin solar cells are illustrated using general computer modeling; in these models electron mobilities are assumed to be much larger than hole values. The models reveal that a low hole mobility can be the most important photocarrier transport parameter in determining the output power of the cell, and that the effects of recombination parameters are much weaker. Recent hole drift-mobility measurements in a-Si:H are compared. While hole drift mobilities in intrinsic a-Si:H are now up to tenfold larger than two decades ago, even with recent materials a-Si:H cells are low-mobility cells. Computer modeling of solar cells with parameters that are consistent with drift-mobility measurements give a good account for the published initial power output of cells from United Solar Ovonic Corp.; deep levels (dangling bonds) in the intrinsic layer were not included in this calculation. Light-soaking creates a sufficient density of dangling bonds to lower the power from cells below the mobility limit, but in contemporary a-Si:H solar cells degradation is not large. We discuss the speculation that light-soaking is āself-limitingā in such cells
Low-Mobility Solar Cells: a Device Physics Primer with Application to Amorphous Silicon
The properties of pin solar cells based on photogeneration of charge carriers into lowmobility materials were calculated for two models. Ideal p- and n-type electrode layers were assumed in both cases. The first, elementary case involves only band mobilities and direct electronāhole recombination. An analytical approximation indicates that the power in thick cells rises as the 1 4 power of the lower band mobility, which reflects the buildup of space-charge under illumination. The approximation agrees well with computer simulation. The second model includes exponential bandtail trapping, which is commonly invoked to account for very low hole drift mobilities in amorphous silicon and other amorphous semiconductors. The two models have similar qualitative behavior. Predictions for the solar conversion efficiency of amorphous silicon-based cells that are limited by valence bandtail trapping are presented. The predictions account adequately for the efficiencies of present a-Si :H cells in their āāaspreparedāā state (without light-soaking), and indicate the improvement that may be expected if hole drift mobilities (and valence bandtail widths) can be improved
Polyaniline on Crystalline Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells
Organic/inorganic heterojunction solar cells were fabricated on the (100) face of n-type silicon crystals using acid-doped polyaniline PANI with widely varying conductivities. For films with conductivities below 10ā1 S/cm, the open-circuit voltage VOC increases with increasing film conductivity as expected when VOC is limited by the work function of the film. Extrapolation of these results to the higher conductivity films indicates that PANI could support VOC of 0.7 V or larger. VOC measurements for the cells with higher conductivity PANI saturated at 0.51 V. We speculate that uncontrolled surface states at the PANI/Si interface are reducing these values
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