The relationship between posttreatment smile esthetics and the ABO Objective Grading System

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the correlations between the components of the Objective Grading System developed by the American Board of Orthodontics (ABO) and smile esthetics. Materials and Methods: The clinical photographs of 48 orthodontically treated patients were rated by a panel of 25 experienced orthodontists (15 men and 10 women) and 20 parents of orthodontic patients (eight men and 12 women). One of the investigators, a director of the ABO, scored the posttreatment dental casts and panoramic radiographs of all patients according to the guidelines of the Objective Grading System. The relationship between the occlusal outcome and perceived smile attractiveness of the subjects were evaluated by a Pearson product-moment correlation. Logistic regression was used to determine whether the individual component or total combined scores of the ABO Grading System could predict whether a smile would be considered ''attractive'' or ''unattractive'' by the panel of raters. Results: Extremely weak relationships were found among all factors of the ABO Objective Grading System and perceived smile attractiveness (r values ranging from Ϫ0.11 to 0.14; P Ͼ .05). As derived from logistic regression equations, neither total scores nor individual components of the ABO Grading system could predict attractive or unattractive smiles. Conclusions: This study suggests that additional criteria might be incorporated into the assessment of overall orthodontic treatment outcomes, including variables evaluating the smile

Angle-resolved photoemission study of untwinned PrBa2_2Cu3_3O7_7: undoped CuO2_2 plane and doped CuO3_3 chain

We have performed an angle-resolved photoemission study on untwinned PrBa$_2$Cu$_3$O$_7$, which has low resistivity but does not show superconductivity. We have observed a dispersive feature with a band maximum around ($\pi$/2,$\pi$/2), indicating that this band is derived from the undoped CuO$_2$ plane. We have observed another dispersive band exhibiting one-dimensional character, which we attribute to signals from the doped CuO$_3$ chain. The overall band dispersion of the one-dimensional band agrees with the prediction of $t-J$ model calculation with parameters relevant to cuprates except that the intensity near the Fermi level is considerably suppressed in the experiment.Comment: 6 pages, 10 figure

Quasiparticle-quasiparticle Scattering in High Tc Superconductors

The quasiparticle lifetime and the related transport relaxation times are the fundamental quantities which must be known in order to obtain a description of the transport properties of the high T_c superconductors. Studies of these quantities have been undertaken previously for the d-wave, high T_c superconductors for the case of temperature-independent elastic impurity scattering. However, much less is known about the temperature-dependent inelastic scattering. Here we give a detailed description of the characteristics of the temperature-dependent quasiparticle-quasiparticle scattering in d-wave superconductors, and find that this process gives a natural explanation of the rapid variation with temperature of the electrical transport relaxation rate.Comment: 4 page

Non-equilibrium Superconductivity and Quasiparticle Dynamics studied by Photo Induced Activation of Mm-Wave Absorption (PIAMA)

We present a study of non-equilibrium superconductivity in DyBa2Cu3O7-d using photo induced activation of mm-wave absorption (PIAMA). We monitor the time evolution of the thin film transmissivity at 5 cm-1 subject to pulsed infrared radiation. In addition to a positive bolometric signal we observe a second, faster, decay with a sign opposite to the bolometric signal for T>40 K. We attribute this to the unusual properties of quasi-particles residing near the nodes of an unconventional superconductor, resulting in a strong enhancement of the recombination time.Comment: 4 pages, REVTeX, Submitted to Phys. Rev. Letter

Magnetic Coherence as a Universal Feature of Cuprate Superconductors

Recent inelastic neutron scattering (INS) experiments on La$_{2-x}$Sr$_x$CuO$_4$ have established the existence of a {\it magnetic coherence effect}, i.e., strong frequency and momentum dependent changes of the spin susceptibility, $\chi''$, in the superconducting phase. We show, using the spin-fermion model for incommensurate antiferromagnetic spin fluctuations, that the magnetic coherence effect establishes the ability of INS experiments to probe the electronic spectrum of the cuprates, in that the effect arises from the interplay of an incommensurate magnetic response, the form of the underlying Fermi surface, and the opening of the d-wave gap in the fermionic spectrum. In particular, we find that the magnetic coherence effect observed in INS experiments on La$_{2-x}$Sr$_x$CuO$_4$ requires that the Fermi surface be closed around $(\pi,\pi)$ up to optimal doping. We present several predictions for the form of the magnetic coherence effect in YBa$_2$Cu$_3$O$_{6+x}$ in which an incommensurate magnetic response has been observed in the superconducting state.Comment: 9 pages, 12 figures; extended version of Phys. Rev B, R6483 (2000

A novel slurry concept for the fabrication of Lithium-Ion battery electrodes with beneficial properties

A novel slurry concept for the fabrication of Li-ion battery electrodes focusing on water based formulations is presented. Taking advantage of capillary forces inferred by adding a small fraction of a second fluid immiscible with the bulk continuous phase the low shear viscosity can be varied in a wide range without conventional polymeric rheology control agents disturbing the electric properties of the dry electrode. The new slurries provide superior storage stability and excellent shape accuracy of the final dry film. This reduces waste cut-off at the edges and increases the density of active ingredients, thus improving cost-efficiency. The viscosity at high shear rates remains unaffected, thus the slurries can be processed and coated using established equipment and process parameters. Adhesion to the conductor foil and electrochemical properties of the electrode layers and corresponding cells are similar to those made from conventional slurries

High real-space resolution measurement of the local structure of Ga_1-xIn_xAs using x-ray diffraction

High real-space resolution atomic pair distribution functions (PDF)s from the alloy series Ga_1-xIn_xAs have been obtained using high-energy x-ray diffraction. The first peak in the PDF is resolved as a doublet due to the presence of two nearest neighbor bond lengths, Ga-As and In-As, as previously observed using XAFS. The widths of nearest, and higher, neighbor pairs are analyzed by separating the strain broadening from the thermal motion. The strain broadening is five times larger for distant atomic neighbors as compared to nearest neighbors. The results are in agreement with model calculations.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figure

Pairing Fluctuation Theory of Superconducting Properties in Underdoped to Overdoped Cuprates

We propose a theoretical description of the superconducting state of under- to overdoped cuprates, based on the short coherence length of these materials and the associated strong pairing fluctuations. The calculated $T_c$ and the zero temperature excitation gap $\Delta(0)$, as a function of hole concentration $x$, are in semi-quantitative agreement with experiment. Although the ratio $T_c/\Delta(0)$ has a strong $x$ dependence, different from the universal BCS value, and $\Delta(T)$ deviates significantly from the BCS prediction, we obtain, quite remarkably, quasi-universal behavior, for the normalized superfluid density $\rho_s(T)/\rho_s(0)$ and the Josephson critical current $I_c(T)/I_c(0)$, as a function of $T/T_c$. While experiments on $\rho_s(T)$ are consistent with these results, future measurements on $I_c(T)$ are needed to test this prediction.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, REVTeX, submitted to Phys. Rev. Let

Anomalous superconducting state gap size versus Tc behavior in underdoped Bi_2Sr_2Ca_1-xDy_xCu_2O_8+d

We report angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy measurements of the excitation gap in underdoped superconducting thin films of Bi_2Sr_2Ca_{1-x}Dy_xCu_2O_{8+d}. As Tc is reduced by a factor of 2 by underdoping, the superconducting state gap \Delta does not fall proportionally, but instead stays constant or increases slightly, in violation of the BCS mean-field theory result. The different doping dependences of \Delta and kT_c indicate that they represent different energy scales. The measurements also show that \Delta is highly anisotropic and consistent with a d_{x^2-y^2} order parameter, as in previous studies of samples with higher dopings. However, in these underdoped samples, the anisotropic gap persists well above T_c. The existence of a normal state gap is related to the failure of \Delta to scale with T_c in theoretical models that predict pairing without phase coherence above T_c.Comment: 10 pages, 4 postscript figures, revtex forma

Realistic Surface Scattering and Surface Bound State Formation in the High T_c Superconductor YBa_2Cu_3O_{6+x}

Surface Umklapp scattering of quasiparticles, and surface roughness are shown to play essential roles in the formation of the surface bound states in realistic models for YBa_2Cu_3O_{6+x}. The results account for the shape, the impurity dependence of the height, and for a proposed universal width of the zero bias conductance peak.Comment: 4 pages, 1 figur