Morphometry and length weight relationship of the Catfishes Arius caelatus (Valenciennes, 1840) and Arius thalassinus (Ruppell, 1837) off Mumbai, Veraval and Vishakhapatanam coasts

The catfishes, Arius caelatus and Arius thalassinus have been compared morphometrically for seven characters with reference to fork length from Mumbai, Veraval, Vishakhapatnam and Veraval coasts respectively. For Arius caelatus, significant differences were found between the sexes at the same locality, within the same sexes at different localities and between both sexes combined from Mumbai and Veraval four out of seven characters were investigated. Similarly, for Arius thalassinus, significant differences were noticed between and within the sexes at the same locality and when the sexes were combined, almost all the characters showed highly significant differences between the Veraval and Vishakhapatnam populations, which have been attributed to separation of stocks. The sex specific length weight relationships between the sexes as well as locations were not significant for A. caelatus, hence a relation common to both sexes and regions was established. But A. thalassinus showed highly significant differences, in respect of sexes as well as locations. Therefore, separate relationships were obtained for sexes and locations for the latter

Biochemical changes in banana fruits due to postharvest fungal pathogens

The nutritional value of fruits chiefly depends on the quality and quantity of nutritive substances. In the present investigation, four fungi were studied from banana fruits which cause considerable biochemical changes to alter the quality of banana fruit. The infected bananas showed a decrease in the quantity of total soluble sugar, protein, ash, ascorbic acid and mineral elements when compared with the control of fruit. B.theobromae, R.oryzae, G.musarum, A.niger, A.flavus and F.roseum were found to be associated with the ripening of bananas and also causes rot during storage

Effect of fungal infections on nutritional value of papaya fruits

The nutritional value of fruits chiefly depends on the quality & quantity of nutritive substances. Various fungi causes rots in fruits of papaya. The fungi are very selective in their nutritional requirements. They influence the stored substances by observing them or by converting some of the complex forms into simple ones. In the present investigation total five fungi were isolated from papaya fruits. The effect of these fungi on considerable losses in proteins, ash and nitrogen content were observed in the papaya fruits. In general the amount of the amino acids in free as well as bound forms increased in infected fruits. Considerable decrease in total sugar and increase in reducing sugar was observed in most of the fungi

Information Technology Act 2000 in India - Authentication of E-Documents

The Information Technology Act 2000 has enacted in India on 9th June 2000. This Act has mentioned provision of authentication of electronic document. It is the need of hour at that time that such provision is needed in the Indian Law system, especially for electronic commerce and electronic governance. Electronic commerce”, which involve the use of alternatives to paper based methods of communication and storage information. To do electronic commerce there should be authentication of particular document. The working of internet is the documents are traveling in terms of bits from one destination to other destination, through various media like – Co-axial cable, fiber optic, satellite etc. While traveling this document there is probability of making changes in that document by any third party is high or some document may get changed due to noise/disturbance in communication media. This Act required to provide legal recognition carried out by means of electronic data interchange and other means of electronic communication

Bio-Efficacy of Aureofungin-sol in Control of Downy and Powdery Mildews in Grape

Bio-efficacy of Aureofungin-sol, an antifungal antibiotic, for control of downy mildew and powdery mildew of grape was evaluated during October 2008 - April 2009 fruiting season in vineyards at three locations in Maharashtra. Four to nine sprays of Aureofungin-sol, @ 0.108, 0.163 and 0.217 g/l, starting from 12-16 days to 46-75 days after fruit pruning gave good control of downy mildew on leaves and bunches, and increased harvestable yield over the Control. Similarly, four sprays of Aureofungin-sol @ 0.108 g/l at 11 to 20 days' interval at 65 days after pruning provided complete control of powdery mildew on leaves and bunches. No residue of Aureofungin-sol was found in harvest samples above the limit of detection (0.1 mg/kg)

Influence of Incubation Temperature on Variation in Physiology of Growth and Sporulation of Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides Isolates Infecting Tropical Fruits

There was profound effect of temperature on isolate variability of C. gloeosporioides isolates infecting tropical fruits. Maximum average growth was attended by Cg 91( 9.34 cm day-1) infecting jamun and the lowest average growth rate was attended by Cg 61 ( 5.02) infecting mango. Isolates Cg 51, Cg 54, and Cg 63 also showed considerable retarded growth. In general, isolates from sweet orange and pomegranate showed moderate to poor growth at temperature range of 18 – 36 0 C. It was observed that the optimum temperature for the growth of C. gloeosporioides isolates was 27 – 300C. The effect of temperature on isolate variability was highly significant. Maximum sporulation irrespective of isolates was attended at 240C. and was followed by at 27 and 300 C. The difference in temperature by 30C. from 24 to 27 reduced the average sporulation ability considerably. However, with further increase in temperature from 27 to 300C the amount of sporulation ability was almost constant but declined sharply at 330C. Few isolates were found to be distinct for the temperature requirements. Isolates, Cg 42 and Cg 62 sporulated at 300C and isolates Cg 63 Cg 83 and Cg 84 sporulated at 330C These isolates failed to sporulate at lower temperature levels

Proper qq-caterpillars are distinguished by their Chromatic Symmetric Functions

Stanley's Tree Isomorphism Conjecture posits that the chromatic symmetric function can distinguish non-isomorphic trees. While already established for caterpillars and other subclasses of trees, we prove the conjecture's validity for a new class of trees that generalize proper caterpillars, thus confirming the conjecture for a broader class of trees.Comment: 11 page

Identification of CaCO3 polymorphs of shellfish by FTIR spectroscopy and evaluation of metals adsorption by powdered exoskeleton shell

Shellfish are found in the coastal region throughout the tropical, sub-tropic and temperate zone. A variety of shellfish species are known in nature. Being filter-feeding organisms, organic and inorganic substances easily gain entry into them. Very often, heavy metals such as Cd, Pb, Cu, and even Hg can accumulate in their bodies. The presence of these heavy metals in shellfish is an indicator of environmental pollution, and a threat to humanity as these fish are widely consumed in coastal regions. Here, biochemical analysis of exoskeleton shell mainly composed of polysaccharides, proteins and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) - have been studied. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) which is one of the major constituent of the exoskeleton part of the shellfish exists in three polymorphs viz., calcite, aragonite and vaterite. The identification of CaCO3 polymorphs in shellfish is extremely important as it gives information on the structural arrangement of the calcium carbonate lattice in these organisms. Here, we present a convenient method for the identification of CaCO3 polymorphs in shellfish collected from Goa, west coast of India, with Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and further confirmed by powder X-ray analysis. Additionally, the potential of the powdered shell biomass for metal removal from an aqueous medium has also been investigated

Evaluation of commercial dipping oil for production of quality raisins from Thompson Seedless grapes

Grape growing in India is mainly confined to tropical peninsular regions of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. It is estimated that approximately 95% of total grapes are produced in Maharashtra and Karnataka alone. About 71 per cent of total grape production of the country is consumed as fresh and 27 per cent is processed into raisins. Grape drying is mainly concentrated in Sangli, Solapur and Nashik districts of Maharashtra and Vijayapura and Bagalkot districts of Karnataka. Generally, after dipping of grape bunches in solution of ethyl oleate and potassium carbonate (also known as Australian dip) the grape bunches are spread on nylon mesh inside grape drying shed and within 10-15 days drying process completed. There are several commercial products/substitutes for dip treatment available in the market. However, it has been reported that effectiveness of these products is variable. Therefore, present investigation was carried out to study effectiveness of a new commercial product for raisin production from Thompson Seedless grape variety in comparison to ethyl oleate. Grape bunches of Thompson Seedless were dipped in these solutions prior to drying inside raisin drying shed. Besides, the drying bunches were also sprayed with different concentrations of these products on 3rd and 5th days of drying. Observations were recorded on drying dynamics, browning index, colour intensity, content of phenols and tannins, sensory properties and quality parameters after storage for 4 months. It was observed that the dip treatment of Thompson Seedless grapes with a solution of 18 ml commercial product and 24 g potassium carbonate per litre of water for 2 minutes and sprays of 12 ml commercial product +16 g potassium carbonate per liter water on 3rd day and 6 ml commercial product + 8 g potassium carbonate per liter water on 5th day was found better than ethyl oleate for production of good quality raisins