15 research outputs found
Tariffs, Tradable Intermediate Goods and the Balance of Payments
Published in connection with a visit at the IIE
Foreign Exchange Constraint, Sectoral Terms of Trade and Aggregate Expenditure in a Dual Economy
Published in connection with a visit at the IIE
Trade in Raw Materials in a Simple Ricardian Model
Published in connection with a visit at the IIES
A new method for estimation of elastic properties of sintered iron powder compacts from ultrasonic longitudinal velocity
A new methodology has been proposed for estimation of elastic moduli of iron powder compacts solely based on longitudinal ultrasonic velocity. New correlations have been semianalytically derived between the elastic moduli and the longitudinal ultrasonic velocity. The moduli estimated on the basis of the suggested methodology agreed reasonably well with data reported for iron powder compacts in the literature. The proposed method can be a potent tool for quick and accurate, nondestructive estimation of elastic properties for porous materials through ultrasonic measurements
The Theory of Trade in Middle Products
The bulk of international commerce consists of trade in intermediate goods, raw materials, and goods which require further local processing before reaching the final consumer. Although this has become a common observation, it has yet to receive central attention in the pure theory of international trade. A further observation is that few items in international trade are pure raw materials or primary factors which have not received any value-added from other local inputs. Put together, these remarks suggest that in the typical productive spectrum whereby primary factors and labor help produce and transform commodities into the final state required by consumers, international trade takes place in "middle products". The purpose of this article is to develop and analyze a model of international trade that recognizes as its central feature that the composition of the outputs of industrial activity at early stages need not match the composition of intermediate inputs at final stages of the productive spectrum. The first section of the paper reveals the features of the model by analyzing the resource shifts and cost changes as the ratio of final outputs changes along a transformation schedule. Sections II-VI proceed to apply the model to analyses of tariffs, changes in the terms of trade, technical progress, transfers, and exchange rate devaluation. Possible extensions are discussed at the end of the paper. The model analyzed here builds upon two models standard in the trade literature, the Heckscher-Ohlin model with two mobile factors, and the specific factor models. It is considerably richer in structural detail than either of these precursors, and yet not much more difficult to analyze. It allows scope for the influence of demand, even for small countries which face world markets for traded "middle products". And it reveals how assymetries between the productive structures of different countries - e.g. at different stages of the development process - might systematically lead to asymmetrical patterns of income redistribution as conditions of trade are altered.Published in connection with a visit at the IIE
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Validation of a Clinical Risk-based Classification System in a Large Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Real-world Cohort
There is an unmet need to validate simple and easily available methods that can be used in routine practice to identify those at risk of adverse outcomes from nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). A retrospective-prospective analysis of NAFLD patients enrolled in a longitudinal noninterventional study (TARGET-NASH) was performed to validate the prognostic utility of the following risk-categories: (A) Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) 2.6 and/or LSM >12.5 kp.
Those in class A with aspartate transaminase:alanine transaminase ratio >1 or platelets <150,000/mm
, or class B with aspartate transaminase:alanine transaminase ratio >1 or platelets <150,000/mm
were upstaged by one class. Fine-Gray competing risk analyses were performed for all outcomes.
A total of 2523 individuals (class A = 555, B = 879, C = 1089) were followed for a median duration of 3.74 years. Adverse outcomes increased from class A to C in all-cause mortality (0.07 vs 0.3 vs 2.5/100 person-years [PY], hazard ratio [HR], 3.0 and 16.3 class B and C vs A), liver-associated clinical events (0.2 vs 1 vs 8/100 PY, HR, 4.3 and 36.6 B and C vs A), major adverse cardiovascular events (0.69 vs 0.87 vs 2.02/100 PY, HR, 0.78 and 1.55 B and C vs A), hepatocellular carcinoma (0 vs 0.09 vs 0.88/100 PY, HR, 8.32 C vs B), and chronic kidney disease (1.24 vs 2.48 vs 3.51/100 PY). Those who were upstaged had outcome rates similar to the lower class defined by their FIB-4.
These data support a FIB-4-based risk-stratification of NAFLD that can be used in routine clinical practice.
gov Identifier: NCT02815891