Análise comparativa do uso de sistemas de Aproveitamento de Água Pluvial e Reúso de Águas Cinzas na Rodoviária do Plano Piloto, Brasília-DF

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Arquitetura e Urbanismo, 2018.Em busca de uma gestão sustentável dos recursos hídricos, propõe-se analisar o potencial de redução do consumo de água potável na Rodoviária do Plano Piloto por meio dos sistemas alternativos de abastecimento: o Aproveitamento de Água Pluvial (AAP), e o Reúso de Águas Cinzas (RAC). A metodologia foi dividida em três etapas, a primeira, tratou do levantamento de dados primários. A partir dessas informações, foi feito uma análise de correlação para avaliar quais variáveis (climáticas e tarifárias) impactam o consumo de água. Os resultados dessa análise mostraram uma relação muito baixa com as variáveis climáticas (temperatura, umidade relativa e índice de precipitação pluviométrica), com coeficiente de determinação, R2 = 0,2, e uma relação alta com as tarifas aplicadas, com um R2 =0,7. Diante disso, pode-se afirmar que o comportamento das pessoas que utilizam o espaço é pouco influenciado por fatores externos, e que a principal variável impactante é a tarifa aplicada. A segunda etapa tem uma abordagem qualitativa, e nesta, foram caracterizados todos os usos finais e equipamentos hidráulicos da edificação, e registradas as frequências de uso em cada ponto de consumo dos banheiros públicos. O resultado mostrou que nos banheiros masculinos, a maior parte do consumo vem dos lavatórios com uma proporção de uso entre 40% e 60%, seguido dos mictórios entre 30% e 50% e vaso sanitário entre 4% e 15%. Nos banheiros femininos o principal consumo, também, vem dos lavatórios com proporção de uso entre 60% e 70%, seguido dos usos em vasos sanitários entre 30% e 40%. Apesar desse padrão de consumo ser maior nos lavatórios, os vaso sanitários e os mictórios são os principais consumidores de água, com média de gasto diário de 7.214 litros, contra 1.889 litros que são utilizados nos pontos de lavatórios. Com esses dados, também foram construídos os indicadores de consumo, que permite prever o consumo de água através do número de pessoas que frequentam os banheiros e em relação à área lavável da edificação. Assim, para os vasos sanitários o indicador de consumo é de 0,54 litros por pessoa por dia (L/P/dia). Para os mictórios é de 0,13L/P/dia, para os lavatórios, são 0,18L/P/dia e para a lavagem de pisos, o indicador é de 0,06 L/m2/dia. Por fim, a terceira etapa, avalia o potencial de redução de consumo através dos sistemas de AAP e RAC, estes foram dimensionados e foi identificado que o sistema de RAC só é capaz de produzir água suficiente para a lavagem de pisos, essa medida promove uma redução anual no consumo de água de 15%, 601 m3 de água, com um reservatório de apenas 1.500 L. Já o AAP tem capacidade para abastecer todos os fins não potáveis e tem potencial de redução do consumo anual de até 80%, 3.229m3. Esse valor expressivo só é possível porque o consumo nos fins não potáveis é muito superior ao fim potável (lavatórios). Devido ao longo período de estiagem no DF, o volume do reservatório necessário para atender essa demanda é de 1.761 m3, um valor bastante alto, que para ser implantado é necessário fazer um projeto de escavação no subsolo para posicionar o reservatório de armazenagem. Diante disso, foi dimensionado o sistema misto para verificar se fazendo o reúso de água cinza para a lavagem de pisos e utilizando o aproveitamento da água pluvial para os demais fins não potáveis, acarretaria em uma redução no reservatório de AAP mantendo o alto potencial de redução do consumo. Neste caso o reservatório continuou muito grande 1.433 m3. No entanto pode ser uma alternativa para implantar esse sistema por etapas, primeiro começar com o reúso, e depois implantar o sistema de AAP, de maior volume.In search for a sustainable management of water resources it is proposed on this research to analyze the potential of reducing the consumption of drinking water in the Plano Piloto Bus Station through alternative supply systems: Rainwater harvesting (RWH) and Greywater recycling (GWR). The methodology was divided into three stages, the first one dealt with the collection of primary data. From this Information, a correlation analysis was made to evaluate which variables (climatic and tariff) impact the most on the water consumption. The results of this analysis showed a very low relation with the climatic variables (temperature, relative humidity and rainfall index), with coefficient of determination, R2 = 0.2, and a high relation with applied tariffs, with a R2 = 0,7. Therefore, it can be said that the behavior of the people who use the space is little influenced by externai factors, and that the main impact variable is the applied tariff on the consumption bill. The second stage has a qualitative approach, and in this, all the end uses and hydraulic equipment of the building, and recorded the frequencies of use in each point of consumption of public toilets were characterized. The results showed that in men's restrooms, most of the consumption comes from washbasins with a 40-60% use rate, followed by urinais between 30% and 50% and the toilet between 4% and 15%. In women's restrooms the main consumption also comes from the use of washbasins between 60% and 70%, followed by the toilet use between 30% and 40%. Although consumption pattern is greater in washbasins, the toilets and urinais consumption are the main water volume data, with a daily average of 7,214 liters, against 1,889 liters that are used in washbasin points. With these data, the consumption indicators were also calculated, which allowed to predict the water consumption over the number of people who attend the bathrooms and the relation to the washable area of the building. Therefore, for the toilets the consumption indicator is 0.54 liters per person per day (L/P/day). For urinais it is 0.13L/P/day, for washbasins is 0.18L/P/day and for washing floors, the indicator is 0.06L/m2/day. Finally, the third stage evaluates the potential of reducing consumption through the RWH and GWR systems, these were sized and it was identified that the RWH system is only capable of producing enough water for floor washing end use, this measure promotes an annual reduction in water consumption of 15%, 601 m3, with a reservoir of only 1,500 L. The RWH has the capacity to supply all non-potable purposes and has the potential to reduce annual consumption of up to 80%, 3,229m3. This expressive value is only possible because consumption at non-potable end uses is much higher than the drinking end (washbasins). Due to the long dry season in DF, the volume of the reservoir needed to meet this demand is 1,761 m3, a very high value, which to be implanted it is necessary to make an excavation project in the basement to position the storage tank. Therefore, the mixed system was sized to verify if using the GWR for washing of floors and using the RWH for other non- potable purposes, would result in a reduction in the RWH reservoir maintaining the high reduction potential of consumption. In this case the reservoir continued very large 1,433 m3. However, it can be an alternative to deploy this system in steps, first to start with the GWR, and then deploy the larger volume with RWH system

GREEN PEDESTRIAN CROSSING: Arte, Espaço Urbano e Cidadania

Reflexão do homem e suas escolhas, do homem e sua ação com o entorno com base na obra Green Pedestrian Crossing

Análise do potencial de redução do consumo de água potável pelo aproveitamento de águas pluviais e reúso de águas cinzas na Rodoviária do Plano Piloto de Brasília - DF

Este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar os usos-finais de água da Rodoviária do Plano Piloto de Brasília e, com isso, realizou uma análise comparativa do potencial de redução de água potável entre sistemas de aproveitamento de águas pluviais e sistemas de reúso de águas cinzas em diferentes cenários de usos não potáveis. Para tanto, o desenvolvimento do estudo foi dividido em duas etapas: i) levantamento de dados de consumo; e ii) avaliação do potencial de redução do consumo de água por meio do aproveitamento da água pluvial e do reúso de águas cinzas na Rodoviária do Plano Piloto. Os resultados demonstraram que cerca de 80% do consumo anual de água da rodoviária é proveniente dos usos de água para lavagem de pisos, vasos sanitários e mictórios (3.229 m³). Com base nos dados coletados de frequências de usos, população que utilizou o banheiro e vazão dos equipamentos foi possível gerar indicadores de consumo de água lavatório (0,18 l/p/d), vaso sanitário (0,54 l/p/d), mictórios (0,13 l/p/d), lavagem de pisos (0,41 l/m²/dia) e de banheiros (0,05 l/m²/dia). Baseado nos dados coletados, foi possível estimar o potencial de redução do consumo de água potável pelo aproveitamento de águas pluviais e reúso de águas cinzas em limpeza de pisos (Cenário 1), para descarga de vasos sanitários e mictórios (Cenário 2) e descarga em vasos sanitários, mictórios e para limpeza de pisos (Cenário 3). Em geral, sistemas de aproveitamento de água pluvial promoveram maiores reduções no consumo de água potável, variando de 601 a 3.229 m3/ano.The aim of this work was to characterize water-uses at Plano Piloto Bus Station in Brasília and with this, this study carried out a comparative analysis of potable water reductions for rainwater harvesting and greywater reuse systems using different non-potable water use scenarios. The development of this study was divided in two stages: i) data collection of consumption; and ii) evaluation of the potential water reductions through the use of rainwater and greywater reuse. Results showed that about 80% of annual water consumption comes from floor washing and toilet and urinal flushing (3,229 m³). Based on the data collected on frequency of water use and average flow rate of equipment, it was possible to generate water end-use indicators for bathroom sink faucets (0.18 l/p/d), toilets (0.54 l/p/d), urinals (0.13 l/p/d) floor-washing (0.41 l/m²/d) and bathroom-washing (0.05 l/m²/d). Based on the data collected, it was possible to estimate the potential water reductions by the use of rainwater and the reuse of greywater for floor-washing (Scenario 1), toilet/urinal flushing (Scenario 2) and for both floor-washing and toilet/urinal flushing (Scenario 3). In general, rainwater harvesting systems promoted greater reductions in potable water consumption, varying from 601 to 3,229 m3 / year

Reúso-DF : políticas tarifárias baseados em uma análise de viabilidade ambiental do aproveitamento de águas pluviais e do reúso de águas cinzas em edificações não-residenciais no Distrito Federal : relatório técnico 7/2019

Relatório técnico apresentado para a Agência Reguladora de Águas, Energia e Saneamento do Distrito Federal Convênio ADASA/UnB – DODF: 197.000.977/201

Reúso-DF : viabilidade técnica e operacional do aproveitamento de águas pluviais e do reúso de águas cinzas em edificações não-residenciais do Distrito Federal : relatório técnico 5/2017

Relatório técnico apresentado para a Agência Reguladora de Águas, Energia e Saneamento do Distrito Federal Convênio ADASA/UnB – DODF: 197.000.977/201

Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK.

BACKGROUND: A safe and efficacious vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), if deployed with high coverage, could contribute to the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in a pooled interim analysis of four trials. METHODS: This analysis includes data from four ongoing blinded, randomised, controlled trials done across the UK, Brazil, and South Africa. Participants aged 18 years and older were randomly assigned (1:1) to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine or control (meningococcal group A, C, W, and Y conjugate vaccine or saline). Participants in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group received two doses containing 5 × 1010 viral particles (standard dose; SD/SD cohort); a subset in the UK trial received a half dose as their first dose (low dose) and a standard dose as their second dose (LD/SD cohort). The primary efficacy analysis included symptomatic COVID-19 in seronegative participants with a nucleic acid amplification test-positive swab more than 14 days after a second dose of vaccine. Participants were analysed according to treatment received, with data cutoff on Nov 4, 2020. Vaccine efficacy was calculated as 1 - relative risk derived from a robust Poisson regression model adjusted for age. Studies are registered at ISRCTN89951424 and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04324606, NCT04400838, and NCT04444674. FINDINGS: Between April 23 and Nov 4, 2020, 23 848 participants were enrolled and 11 636 participants (7548 in the UK, 4088 in Brazil) were included in the interim primary efficacy analysis. In participants who received two standard doses, vaccine efficacy was 62·1% (95% CI 41·0-75·7; 27 [0·6%] of 4440 in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group vs71 [1·6%] of 4455 in the control group) and in participants who received a low dose followed by a standard dose, efficacy was 90·0% (67·4-97·0; three [0·2%] of 1367 vs 30 [2·2%] of 1374; pinteraction=0·010). Overall vaccine efficacy across both groups was 70·4% (95·8% CI 54·8-80·6; 30 [0·5%] of 5807 vs 101 [1·7%] of 5829). From 21 days after the first dose, there were ten cases hospitalised for COVID-19, all in the control arm; two were classified as severe COVID-19, including one death. There were 74 341 person-months of safety follow-up (median 3·4 months, IQR 1·3-4·8): 175 severe adverse events occurred in 168 participants, 84 events in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group and 91 in the control group. Three events were classified as possibly related to a vaccine: one in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group, one in the control group, and one in a participant who remains masked to group allocation. INTERPRETATION: ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 has an acceptable safety profile and has been found to be efficacious against symptomatic COVID-19 in this interim analysis of ongoing clinical trials. FUNDING: UK Research and Innovation, National Institutes for Health Research (NIHR), Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Lemann Foundation, Rede D'Or, Brava and Telles Foundation, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Thames Valley and South Midland's NIHR Clinical Research Network, and AstraZeneca

Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK

Background A safe and efficacious vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), if deployed with high coverage, could contribute to the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in a pooled interim analysis of four trials. Methods This analysis includes data from four ongoing blinded, randomised, controlled trials done across the UK, Brazil, and South Africa. Participants aged 18 years and older were randomly assigned (1:1) to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine or control (meningococcal group A, C, W, and Y conjugate vaccine or saline). Participants in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group received two doses containing 5 × 1010 viral particles (standard dose; SD/SD cohort); a subset in the UK trial received a half dose as their first dose (low dose) and a standard dose as their second dose (LD/SD cohort). The primary efficacy analysis included symptomatic COVID-19 in seronegative participants with a nucleic acid amplification test-positive swab more than 14 days after a second dose of vaccine. Participants were analysed according to treatment received, with data cutoff on Nov 4, 2020. Vaccine efficacy was calculated as 1 - relative risk derived from a robust Poisson regression model adjusted for age. Studies are registered at ISRCTN89951424 and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04324606, NCT04400838, and NCT04444674. Findings Between April 23 and Nov 4, 2020, 23 848 participants were enrolled and 11 636 participants (7548 in the UK, 4088 in Brazil) were included in the interim primary efficacy analysis. In participants who received two standard doses, vaccine efficacy was 62·1% (95% CI 41·0–75·7; 27 [0·6%] of 4440 in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group vs71 [1·6%] of 4455 in the control group) and in participants who received a low dose followed by a standard dose, efficacy was 90·0% (67·4–97·0; three [0·2%] of 1367 vs 30 [2·2%] of 1374; pinteraction=0·010). Overall vaccine efficacy across both groups was 70·4% (95·8% CI 54·8–80·6; 30 [0·5%] of 5807 vs 101 [1·7%] of 5829). From 21 days after the first dose, there were ten cases hospitalised for COVID-19, all in the control arm; two were classified as severe COVID-19, including one death. There were 74 341 person-months of safety follow-up (median 3·4 months, IQR 1·3–4·8): 175 severe adverse events occurred in 168 participants, 84 events in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group and 91 in the control group. Three events were classified as possibly related to a vaccine: one in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group, one in the control group, and one in a participant who remains masked to group allocation. Interpretation ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 has an acceptable safety profile and has been found to be efficacious against symptomatic COVID-19 in this interim analysis of ongoing clinical trials

Análise de redução do consumo de água potável na rodoviária do plano piloto de Brasília - DF

Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo (FAU)Departamento de Tecnologia em Arquitetura e Urbanismo (FAU TEC

Rainwaterharvesting in Brasilia international airport : estimating potential water reductiongs for irrigation and floor washing

Em busca de uma gestão sustentável dos recursos hídricos, propõe-se analisar o potencial de redução do consumo de água potável no Aeroporto Internacional de Brasília por meio do sistema de Aproveitamento da Água Pluvial(AAP). Essa análise pressupõe uma compreensão do consumo global de água dessa edificação identificando seu consumo anual e os usos finais de água não potável desagregados para viabilizar os cálculos de oferta e demanda de água. Os resultados mostraram que nesta edificação o consumo anual médio é de 158.815m³. Os usos finais de água não potável possíveis de serem estimados foram limpeza de pisos, que consome cerca de 20.900 L/dia; desemborrachamento das pistas, cujo consumo é de cerca 789L/dia e; irrigação da área verde com consumo médio de 47.857L/dia. A partir dessas informações foram simulados dois diferentes cenários para identificar o potencial de redução do consumo de água pelo aproveitamento de água pluvial em irrigação (Cenário 1),e em irrigação, desemborrachamento de pistas e limpeza de pisos(Cenário 2). O resultado apontou uma economia de aproximadamente4.562m³/ano no Cenário 1, e 10.387m³/ano para o Cenário 2, que representa um potencial de redução do consumo de água de aproximadamente 3% e 7% respectivamente.In search of a sustainable management of water resources, it is proposed on this research to analyze the potential water reductions by in the International Airport of Brasilia through the Rainwater Harvesting(RWH). This analysis presupposes an understanding of the global water consumption of this building, identifying its annual consumption and the end uses of disaggregated non-potable water uses to enable the calculations of water supply and demand. The results showed that in this building the average annual consumption is 158.815m³. The water end uses identified and estimated were floor cleaning, which consumes about 20,900 L/day; of the airplane track cleaning, that consumes around 789 L/day; irrigation of the green area with average consumption of 47,857 L/day. From this information, two different scenarios were simulated to identify the potential for reducing water consumption by the RWH system: scenario 1: irrigation and scenario 2, irrigation, airplane track cleaning and floor cleaning. The resultsshowed an economy of approximately 4,562m³/year in Scenario 1, and 10,387m³/year for Scenario 2, which represents a potential reduction of water consumption of approximately 3% and 7% respectively

Water consumptionindicatorsofhealthcare establishments in the Federal District, Brazil

Estabelecimentos assistenciais de saúde (EAS) são edificações que tempor finalidade abrigar diferentes atividades destinadas à prevenção de doenças e reabilitação da saúde de indivíduos. Edificações de saúdepúblicatendem a ser grandes consumidores de água. Com isso, a compreensão do consumo de águade diferentes tiposde EAS é essencial para promover agestão e ocontrole da demandaurbana deágua, alémdeabrir o caminho para o desenvolvimento e a avaliação de programas de conservação de água.Este trabalhotem como objetivo analisaro consumo de água em diferentes tipos de EASdo Distrito Federal e, com isso,gerarindicadores de consumopredial.O procedimento metodológico teve como base um levantamentoquantitativo em diferentes regiões administrativas do DF para coletar dados primários referentes apopulação, área construída,número de leitos e consumo predialpara três tipos de EAS. Os resultados demonstraram indicadores de 3,80l/m²/de 45,70l/p/d emunidadesbásicasde saúde, 6,70l/m²/d,29,10l/p/de395,90 l/leito/demunidadesde pronto atendimentoe 9,40l/m²/d, 79,40l/p/d, 734,90 l/leito/demhospitais.Health care facilities (HCF) are buildings whose purpose is to house different health-related activities aimed at disease prevention and individual rehabilitation. Public health buildings tend to be large consumers of water in Brazil. Understanding water consumption of different built-types of HCF is essential to promote a sustainable water management as well as laying a foundation for the development and evaluation of water conservation programs. This work aims to analyze the water consumption in different types of HCFin the Federal District and, with this, compose water consumptionindicators. The method was based on a quantitative survey in different administrative regions of the Federal District to collect primary data onpopulation, built area and number of bedsandwater consumptionfor three types of HCF. Results show that variables such as built area and population have a great influence on water consumption in HCF, obtaining indicators of3,80l/m²/d and 45,70l/p/d for basic health units, 6,70l/m²/d,29,10l/p/dand 395,90 l/bed/d for emergency care units, and9,40l/m²/d,79,40l/p/dand 734,90 l/bed/dforhospitals