Antimicrobial study of Arjuna Terminalia loaded PLGA nanoparticle

291-297The bark of Terminilia Arjuna is known for its numerous health benefits in traditional system of medicine. Nanotechnology based delivery system have added advantages of action at targeted location and improved cellular uptake. In the present paper, polymeric nanoparticles of methanolic extract of Terminilia Arjuna (Arjun ki chhal) were synthesized by using solvent evaporation method. The synthesized polymeric nanoparticles were further characterized using SEM, TEM, XRD, FTIR followed by evaluation of antimicrobial activity. The SEM images showed spherical shaped nanoparticles. Further TEM images revealed that particles of size as small as 50-75 nm are formed. PLGA encapsulated nanoparticles shows entrapment efficiency as high as 96.8% and percentage yield comes out to be 45.3. Antimicrobial study using cup-plate method was carried out using two strains of gram (+) bacteria S. aureus and B. pumilus and two strains of gram (-) bacteria E. Coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa which shows MIC at 2000 ppm for gram (+) bacteria (both S. aureus and B. pumilus) and 5000 ppm (E. coli) and 6000 ppm (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) for gram (-) bacteria. From the results obtained it is proposed that polymeric nanoparticles were successfully formed which will enhance the efficacy of active components in the bark of Terminilia Arjuna and also demonstrates promising use in various pharmaceutical formulations as they show considerable results in the inhibition of bacterial growth

Novel formulation for co-delivery of cinnamon- and cumin-loaded polymeric nanoparticles to enhance their oral bioavailability

Nanobiotechnology has been an encouraging approach to improving the efficacy of hydrophobic bioactive compounds. The biologically active constituents present in herbal extracts are poorly absorbed, resulting in loss of bioavailability and efficacy. Hence, herbal medicine and nanotechnology are combined to overcome these limitations. The surface-to-volume ratio of nanoparticles is high and as the size is small, the functional properties are enhanced. The present study reports the synthesis of cinnamon and cumin (Ci–Cu) dual drug-loaded poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) to overcome the limitations of oral bioavailability and extend the effect of these drugs for alleviating health problems. The solvent evaporation method was adopted for the synthesis, and the as-prepared nanoparticles were characterized by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The average size of the formed spherical Ci-Cu nanoparticles ranged between 90 and 120 nm. The encapsulation efficiency of the drug was found to be 79% ± 4.5%. XRD analysis demonstrated that cinnamon and cumin were amorphously scattered in the PLGA matrix. The FTIR bands showed no evident changes suggesting the no direct molecular interactions between the drug and the polymer. At pH 6.9, the release studies in vitro exhibited a burst initially followed by a tendency to obtain a slower steady release. The results indicated that the Cu-Ci dual drug-loaded polymeric NPs has drug release at a slower rate. The time taken for 25% release of drug in Ci-Cu-loaded PLGA NPs was twice as compared to cumin-loaded PLGA Nps, and three times compared to cinnamon-loaded PLGA NPs.Open Access funding provided by the Qatar National Library. This study was funded by the Qatar University, Kishor Kumar Sadasivuni Grant no: QUCG-CAM-21/22-1.Scopu

Effect of methyl groups on the oxidation of xanthine and correlation of oxidation potentials with frontier molecular orbital energies

953-963The effect of methyl groups on the ease of oxidation of xanthine at N1 , N3 , N7 and N9 positions has been studied at physiological pH using voltammetric and spectral studies. The electroactive species is found to be anion and the removal of proton occurs first from N3 and then from N7 or N9 positions. The presence of methyl group has been found to increase electron density at corresponding nitrogens; however, its extent is maximum at N7 position. The Ep value also shifts maximum to more positive potentials in presence of methyl group at N7 position. A poor correlation between Ep and HOMO is observed, most probably due to adsorption complications involved in the electrode reactions. The major product of oxidation is 5- hydroxyhydantoin derivative when methyl groups are present in the pyrimidine ring whereas allantoin derivative is also obtained if methyl groups are only in imidazole ring. A general reaction scheme for the oxidation of xanthines is also presented

Differential pulse voltammetric determination of uric acid at nanogold modified indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode

945-949The determination of uric acid has been carried out at pH 7.2 (µ = 0.1 M) at nanogold modified indium tin oxide electrode by differential pulse voltammetry in absence and presence of ascorbic acid and other common interferents. A well- defined oxidation peak has been observed at around 840 mV vs Ag/AgCl electrode for uric acid at pH 7.2. The plot of peak current versus concentration plot is linear in the range 0.5 - 100 µM with a correlation coefficient of 0.995 and a sensitivity of 0.0004 nA/mM. The detection limit (3σ) is found to be 0.5 µ<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">M . Ascorbic acid in concentrations lower than 10 µM does not interfere, whereas, at higher concentrations it interferes. Xanthine, hypoxanthine and adenine do not interfere even at eight- fold excess. The method is simple and convenient with the only limitation that the electrode cannot be used more than eight times. </span