Genotypic Characterization of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Isolates in Immunocompromised Patients in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

<div><p>Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a prevalent human pathogen that causes a variety of diseases, including an increased risk of developing more severe disease in HIV-infected individuals. In Brazil, there is no information about the molecular epidemiology of HSV-1 infection, especially in HIV-infected individuals. The aim of this study was to perform the genotypic characterization of HSV-1 among HIV-infected patients. A total of 214 serum samples from HIV-positive patients without HSV infection symptoms were enrolled in one of two reference hospitals for HIV infection managing in Rio de Janeiro. The gG and gI genes were analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and full nucleotide sequencing of the US8 (1601 bp), UL44 (1996 bp), and UL23 (1244 bp) regions was performed. A total of 38.3% (82/214) and 32.7% (70/214) of the serum samples tested positive for gG and gI genes, respectively. RFLP analysis classified the HSV-1 as belonging to genotype A. Phylogenetic analysis of the Brazilian samples for the US8, UL44, and UL23 regions demonstrated that the nucleotide identity between Brazilian samples was higher than 97% for all genes. No acyclovir mutation was detected in the patients. The shedding of HSV in the serum samples from HIV-positive patients who were asymptomatic for HSV infection was detected in this work. This is the first report of molecular characterization of HSV-1 in Brazilian samples since there is no previous data available in the literature concerning the genotypic classification and stable distribution of Brazilian strains of HSV-1 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.</p></div

Characteristics and molecular information of HIV/HSV-positive samples.

<p>Characteristics and molecular information of HIV/HSV-positive samples.</p

The Bayesian phylogenetic tree constructed by using nucleotide sequence of UL44 (1996 bp).

<p>The GenBank accession number is shown for each sequence used. Posterior probabilities are shown at the branch label. Brazilian sequences are noted in red. Color code: Africa—Green, Asia—Blue, Europe—Pink, United States—purple, Brazil—red.</p

Additional file 1: Figure S1. of Association of plasma potassium with mortality and end-stage kidney disease in patients with chronic kidney disease under nephrologist care - The NephroTest study

Study flowchart. mGFR, measured GFR; ESKD, end-stage kidney disease. (DOCX 25 kb

Primers used for amplification and sequencing of the UL23, UL44, and US8 genes of HSV-1.

<p>*F, forward; R, reverse; bp, base pairs.</p><p>Primers used for amplification and sequencing of the UL23, UL44, and US8 genes of HSV-1.</p

The Bayesian phylogenetic tree constructed by using nucleotide sequence of US8 coding region (1601 bp).

<p>The GenBank accession number is shown for each sequence used. Posterior probabilities are shown at the branch label. Brazilian sequences are noted in red. Color code: Africa—Green, Asia—Blue, Europe—Pink, United States—purple, Brazil—red.</p

Additional file 1: of Validity and reproducibility of a short food frequency questionnaire among patients with chronic kidney disease

Flow diagram. (DOCX 85 kb

Additional file 2: of Validity and reproducibility of a short food frequency questionnaire among patients with chronic kidney disease

SFFQ items used to obtain nutritional data (n = 49). (DOCX 20 kb

Functional COG categories of σ-differential regulated genes of EGD-e obtained from temporal transcriptome profiling experiments

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Temporal transcriptomic analysis of the EGD-e σregulon"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2180/8/20</p><p>BMC Microbiology 2008;8():20-20.</p><p>Published online 28 Jan 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2248587.</p><p></p> Functional categories were determined using COG for provided by NCBI [62]. The figure was drawn using the Augur software [71]

(A) Copy number of the gene in EGD-e grown in BHI medium for 3 h, 4 h, 8 h and 16 h

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Temporal transcriptomic analysis of the EGD-e σregulon"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2180/8/20</p><p>BMC Microbiology 2008;8():20-20.</p><p>Published online 28 Jan 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2248587.</p><p></p> Data shown here is representative of three independent biological replicates. (B) Immuno-blot analysis quantifying σfrom EGD-e at different growth phases. Proteins were isolated from cultures of EGD-e grown for 3 h (lane 1), 4 h (lane 2), 8 h (lane 3) and 16 h (lane 4) in BHI at 37°C and σwas detected using rabbit polyclonal anti-serum produced against COL σ. The Δdeletion mutant (lane 5) was used as negative control and COL (lane 6) was used as positive control for specific binding of the antibody. Molecular masses (in kilodaltons) of prestained SDS-PAGE standard marker (Bio-Rad) are indicated on the left and σis marked on the right