Changes of the body weight, fat mass and aerobic capacity and energy intake, following the skipped meal in young women

زمینه و هدف: یکی از روش های معمول کنترل وزن بویژه در بین زنان جوان محدودیت دسترسی غذایی است. این مطالعه با هدف بررسی تغییرات وزن بدن و سایر شاخص های فیزیولوژیک از جمله نمایه توده بدن (BMI)، توده چربی (Fat mass) و ظرفیت هوازی (VO2 max) در زنان جوان به دنبال حذف یک وعده اصلی غذایی روزانه انجام شد. روش بررسی: طی یک مطالعه نیمه تجربی 40 دانشجوی دختر داوطلب به صورت در دسترس از دانشکده علوم تغذیه و صنایع غذایی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید بهشتی وارد مطالعه شدند. وزن و قد توده چربی، ظرفیت هوازی (VO2 max) و انرژی دریافتی در شروع (شرایط معمولی) و پس از چهار هفته (محدودیت دریافت باحذف یک وعده غذایی) اندازه گیری شد. از نرم افزار تغذیه ای NutritionIII برای آنالیز یادآمد خوراک استفاده شد. نتایج بدست آمده از طریق آزمون t زوج مقایسه گردید. یافته ها: به ترتیب در شروع وچهار هفته بعد میانگین وزن 5/8±4/57 و 4/8±3/57 کیلوگرم، میانگین نمایه توده بدنی 4/2±9/21 و 3/2±8/21 کیلوگرم بر متر مربع، میانگین ضخامت چربی 6/5±3/20 و 2/5±8/19 میلی لیتر و ظرفیت هوازی (VO2 max) 0/8±6/52 و 7/8±3/52 میلی لیتر به کیلوگرم بر دقیقه بود (05/0P>). همچنین میانگین دریافت انرژی در قبل و یک ماه بعد به ترتیب 319±1973 و 443±1951 کیلوکالری در روز بود (05/0P>). نتیجه گیری: حذف یک وعده غذایی اصلی روزانه با کم نشدن میزان انرژی دریافتی تاثیری بر کنترل وزن نداشته و به نظر می رسد افراد مورد بررسی با ایجاد تعادل بین دریافت و مصرف انرژی در برابر محدودیت دسترسی به غذا، تطابق فیزیولوژیکی برقرار کرده اند. پایش مستمر دریافت غذا و دریافت انرژی برای کنترل و ثبات وزن بدن ضروری به نظر می رسد. 27

Mothers' views and beliefs about the role of complementary feeding in children under the age of two in Damavand: a qualitative study.

Background: Inappropriate feeding is one of the major causes of malnutrition in children. This study was carried out to get an insight into mothers’ views and beliefs about the role of complementary feeding in children under the age of two. Materials and Methods: In this qualitative study, data were collected through 11 focus-group discussions (FGDs) with mothers, who had children under the age of two, in urban and rural areas of Damavand in 2007. Each FGD was held in the presence of a moderator, two note takers, and an observer. At the end of field work, all notes were collected and coded according to the objectives of the study. Then the subgroups for each objective were obtained, and emerging themes were extracted and reported. Results: In the study, six general themes were identified:(1) The mothers viewed complementary feeding as simple, soft, light foods which are especially made for children; (2) the best time for introducing complementary feeding was 6 months of age; (3) there were no complementary local foods in Damavand; (4) for children under the age of one, a different type of food was separately prepared; (5) home-made complementary food was preferred over the ready made type, and (6) children were fed with table food from the first year of life. Conclusion: Despite their sufficient knowledge about the advantages of complementary feeding, the majority of mothers, due to some socio-cultural limitations, had a weak performance. In this regard, in addition to making revisions in current training programs and protocols, providing effective and goal-oriented educational programs for mothers and others who take care of children is strongly recommended

Food Intake, Body Composition And Endurance Capacity Of National Basketball Team Players In I.R. Of Iran

In this descriptive cross-sectional study 14 national basketball team players attending the preparatory camp for the Asian games with mean age of 25.6 ± 3.1 yrs, height of 191 ± 6 cm, weight of 87.3 ± 8.1 kg and BMI of 23.9±1.7 were surveyed. The subjects underwent anthropometric, aerobic power, body fat content and VO2max measurements in three stages of the training period (before training, during training and before the actual competition). In two stages (before and during training) nutritional assessment and food intake using weighing method in 7 intermittent days was made. Anthropometric measurements showed body weight and BMI changes during the period of study to be negligible and non-significant. Subcutaneous fat was reduced significantly (p< 0.02). Also VO2 max increased appreciably (p<0.001) from 42.3± 3.3 in the first stage to 44.3 ± 4.4 and 44.5 ± 2.2 mL/Kg body weight per minute in the second and third stage respectively which demonstrates the positive role of exercise on maximum oxygen uptake or VO2max. The results of quantitative food intake assessment showed the energy intake to be at 3900 kcal per day. At this stage carbohydrate, fat and protein provided 50, 35 and 15% of energy respectively. In the second stage energy intake was 3600 kcal with 55, 30 and 15% of energy coming from carbohydrate, fat and protein respectively which were in the normal range in both stages. Regarding vitamins and minerals, intake of iron, calcium and ascorbic acid was above the range, while thiamin, riboflavin and niacin were within the range and vitamin A as well as B6 were below the recommended levels. Further research regarding nutrient intake monitoring, nutrition education of athletes and coaches as well as international nutrition research offering a defined menu in preparatory camps is necessary

Mothers’ Views on Food Security and Complementary Feeding: A Qualitative Study in Urban Iran

Background and Objectives: Food insecurity may be associated with poor nutrition, which in turn can increase the risk of adverse nutrition and health outcomes among infants and toddlers. This study was undertaken in 2008 to gain an insight of mothers' views on complementary feeding practices and food security. Materials and Methods: In this qualitative study, data were collected through 10 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with groups of mothers who had under two-year-old children in the urban areas of Damavand (7 FGDs; n=51) and Varamin (3 FGDs; n=29). Each FGD was held in the presence of a moderator, two note takers, and an observer. All notes were collected, and the emerging themes were reported. Results: In the study, nine general themes were identified: 1) The mothers viewed adequate food as a food, which is useful for health in both quality and quantity; 2) Households have limited access to adequate food because they cannot afford it; 3) In hard situations, household’s strategies are: changing the type and amount of food, and buying cheaper foods; 4) In case of poverty, mothers abstain from eating to save food for their children; 5) The mothers viewed complementary feeding as soft, simple and light foods, which are especially made for children; 6) The best time for introducing complementary feeding was 6 months of age; 7) There were no complementary local foods in the region; 8) For under one-year-old children, a different type of food was separately prepared; 9) Home-made complementary food was preferred over the readymade type. Conclusions: Despite mothers' sufficient knowledge about the advantages of complementary feeding, the majority of them had not good performance. This qualitative study provides a foundation and valuable information for future studies on the nutritional health of children in food insecure households. Keywords: Household food security, Belief, Infant feeding, Mothers, Infants, Qualitative research, Ira