ガッコウ ソシキ カイハツ リロン ニ モトズク キョウイク カツドウ ノ ソシキテキ カイゼン ニ カンスル ジッセン ケンキュウ

本研究は，学校組織開発理論（佐古 ２００９等）にもとづく，小学校の組織的な教育活動の改善に関する実践研究である。本研究では，以下の一連のプロセスを展開した。すなわち，事例校の実態をふまえて，①児童の実態についての認識共有，②児童の育成課題（根っこの課題）の設定と学校ビジョンの可視化，③実践改善の指針の作成，④焦点化した授業研究，⑤教職員の実践交流型（学び合い型）研修，を連続的に展開した。一連の組織開発方法論の実施によって，質問紙調査の結果から以下の変化が認められた。１）教職員の協働性が増大した。２）児童の育成課題達成に向けた実践改善が促進された。３）児童の基本課題として設定された自信や自尊感情についても，上昇した。４）児童の学習態度も改善され，授業の面白さを肯定する比率も増大した。This action research was aimed to improvement organized educational activities based on Theory of School Organizational Development (Sako 2009 et al.). In this study was conducted as a set of process based on Theory of School Organizational Development. Those were 1) sharing recognition of actual condition of the pupils, 2)setting fundamental development goal of pupils and visualization of school vision, 3) making guideline for improvement of teachers\u27 educational activities, 4) implementation of lesson studies focused on school vision, 5) teachers\u27 cooperative learning about their practices.Main effects of this action research on Theory of School Organizational Development were as follows. 1) The degree of collaboration was increased. 2) Teachers\u27 improvement of educational activities was facilitated. 3) The degree of pupils\u27 self-reliance or self-esteem, which were fundamental problems of this school, was increased. 4) Pupils\u27 attitude for study was improved and the proportion of positive response for interest of lesson was increased

High cardiovascular reactivity and muscle strength attenuate hypotensive effects of isometric handgrip training in young women: A randomized controlled trial

Objective Isometric resistance training may reduce resting blood pressure (BP); however, the magnitude of this effect varies among individual subjects and few studies attempted to predict it. This study aimed to investigate the potential hypotensive effects of isometric training and their association with cardiovascular reactivity to acute isometric exercise and muscle strength in young women. Methods In this randomized trial, twenty young women were randomly assigned to either the training (n = 10) or control (n = 10) group. Women from the training group performed unilateral isometric handgrip sessions for 8 weeks (4 × 2 min at 25% of maximal voluntary contraction [MVC]; 3 days/week). Cardiovascular reactivity to acute isometric exercise and MVC were measured at baseline. Resting BP was assessed during and after the intervention. Results Resting systolic BP significantly lowered only in the training group. The change in resting systolic BP following an 8-week intervention was significantly associated with the systolic BP and diastolic BP reactivity to the acute exercise at baseline during set 3 and 4 (P <.05). The handgrip MVC was associated with changes in systolic BP (r = 0.79, P =.007), diastolic BP (r = 0.68, P =.032), and mean arterial pressure (r = 0.79, P =.006). These results indicated that high cardiovascular reactivity and strength attenuate the hypotensive effects following isometric training in young women. Conclusions The hypotensive effects following isometric training may be identified by BP reactivity to acute isometric exercise or handgrip strength in young women

Variation of the Virus-Related Elements within Syntenic Genomes of the Hyperthermophilic Archaeon Aeropyrum.

The increasing number of genome sequences of archaea and bacteria show their adaptation to different environmental conditions at the genomic level. Aeropyrum spp. are aerobic and hyperthermophilic archaea. Aeropyrum camini was isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent, and Aeropyrum pernix was isolated from a coastal solfataric vent. To investigate the adaptation strategy in each habitat, we compared the genomes of the two species. Shared genome features were a small genome size, a high GC content, and a large portion of orthologous genes (86 to 88%). The genomes also showed high synteny. These shared features may have been derived from the small number of mobile genetic elements and the lack of a RecBCD system, a recombinational enzyme complex. In addition, the specialized physiology (aerobic and hyperthermophilic) of Aeropyrum spp. may also contribute to the entire-genome similarity. Despite having stable genomes, interference of synteny occurred with two proviruses, A. pernix spindle-shaped virus 1 (APSV1) and A. pernix ovoid virus 1 (APOV1), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) elements. Spacer sequences derived from the A. camini CRISPR showed significant matches with protospacers of the two proviruses infecting A. pernix, indicating that A. camini interacted with viruses closely related to APSV1 and APOV1. Furthermore, a significant fraction of the nonorthologous genes (41 to 45%) were proviral genes or ORFans probably originating from viruses. Although the genomes of A. camini and A. pernix were conserved, we observed nonsynteny that was attributed primarily to virus-related elements. Our findings indicated that the genomic diversification of Aeropyrum spp. is substantially caused by viruses